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Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi telah diteliti oleh berbagai sumber dan hasilnya disajikan dalam tabel di bawah ini Unsur

Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi

Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi telah diteliti oleh berbagai sumber, dan hasilnya disajikan dalam tabel di bawah ini. Unsur paling melimpah di kerak Bumi adalah oksigen, diikuti silikon, aluminium, dan besi.

Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi, menurut berbagai sumber
Urutan nomor, nama, simbol Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi (ppm, bagian per sejuta) Produksi tahunan
Darling Barbalace WebElements Israel Science and Technology Jefferson Lab (2016, dalam ton)
1 8 oksigen O 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000
2 14 silikon Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,200,000
3 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 57,600,000
4 26 besi Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,150,000,000
5 20 kalsium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500
6 11 natrium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 255,000,000
7 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 1,010,000
8 19 kalium K 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900
9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,600,000
10 1 hidrogen H 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400
11 15 fosfor P 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050
12 25 mangan Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000
13 9 fluorin F 800 950 540 290 585
14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425
15 6 karbon C 300 480 1,800 940 200
16 38 stronsium Sr 370 360 370 350,000
17 16 sulfur S 500 260 420 520 350 69,300,000
18 40 zirkonium Zr 190 130 250 165 1,460,000
19 74 tungsten W 160.6 1.1 1.25 86,400
20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 76,000
21 17 klorin Cl 500 130 170 450 145
22 24 kromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 26,000,000
23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90
24 28 nikel Ni 80 90 190 84 2,250,000
25 30 seng Zn 75 79 70 11,900,000
26 29 tembaga Cu 100 50 68 60 19,400,000
27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5
28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5
29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39
30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 6,000
31 7 nitrogen N 50 25 20 19 140,000,000
32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 123,000
33 3 lithium Li 20 17 20 35,000
34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 64,000
35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19
36 21 skandium Sc 16 26 22
37 82 timbal Pb 14 10 14 4,820,000
38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05
39 90 torium Th 12 6 9.6
40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2
41 5 boron B 950 8.7 10 9,400,000
42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2
43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2
44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0
45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5
46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2
47 55 caesium Cs 3 1.9 3
48 4 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 220
49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 280,000
50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0
51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 74,119
52 73 tantalum Ta 2 1.7 2.0 1,100
53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 155
54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 227,000
55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 36,500
56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3
57 65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2
58 69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52
59 35 bromine Br 0.37 3 2.4 391,000
60 81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 10
61 71 lutetium Lu 0.5
62 51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 130,000
63 53 iodine I 0.14 0.490 0.450 31,600
64 48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000
65 47 perak Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 27,000
66 80 raksa Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 4,500
67 34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,200
68 49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 655
69 83 bismut Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 10,200
70 52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001 2,200
71 78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 172
72 79 emas Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 3,100
73 44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001
74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 208
75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 47.2
76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001
77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001
78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015

Referensi Sunting

  1. "Elements, Terrestrial Abundance". www.daviddarling.info. dari versi asli tanggal 10 April 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14. 
  2. Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements". Environmental Chemistry.com. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14. 
  3. "Abundance in Earth's Crust". WebElements.com. dari versi asli tanggal 9 March 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14. 
  4. "List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust". Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-15. 
  5. "It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements". Jefferson Lab. dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14. 
  6. Commodity Statistics and Information. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguous (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet [1] 2017-10-01 di Wayback Machine.. WNA.
  7. Emsley, John (2001). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. hlm. 240–242. ISBN 0-19-850341-5. 
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Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi telah diteliti oleh berbagai sumber dan hasilnya disajikan dalam tabel di bawah ini Unsur paling melimpah di kerak Bumi adalah oksigen diikuti silikon aluminium dan besi Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi menurut berbagai sumber Urutan nomor nama simbol Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi ppm bagian per sejuta Produksi tahunanDarling 1 Barbalace 2 WebElements 3 Israel Science and Technology 4 Jefferson Lab 5 2016 dalam ton 6 1 8 oksigen O 466 000 474 000 460 000 467 100 461 0002 14 silikon Si 277 200 277 100 270 000 276 900 282 000 7 200 0003 13 aluminium Al 81 300 82 000 82 000 80 700 82 300 57 600 0004 26 besi Fe 50 000 41 000 63 000 50 500 56 300 1 150 000 0005 20 kalsium Ca 36 300 41 000 50 000 36 500 41 5006 11 natrium Na 28 300 23 000 23 000 27 500 23 600 255 000 0007 12 magnesium Mg 20 900 23 000 29 000 20 800 23 300 1 010 0008 19 kalium K 25 900 21 000 15 000 25 800 20 9009 22 titanium Ti 4 400 5 600 6 600 6 200 5 600 6 600 00010 1 hidrogen H 1 400 1 500 1 400 1 40011 15 fosfor P 1 200 1 000 1 000 1 300 1 05012 25 mangan Mn 1 000 950 1 100 900 950 16 000 00013 9 fluorin F 800 950 540 290 58514 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 42515 6 karbon C 300 480 1 800 940 20016 38 stronsium Sr 370 360 370 350 00017 16 sulfur S 500 260 420 520 350 69 300 00018 40 zirkonium Zr 190 130 250 165 1 460 00019 74 tungsten W 160 6 1 1 1 25 86 40020 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 76 00021 17 klorin Cl 500 130 170 450 14522 24 kromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 26 000 00023 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 9024 28 nikel Ni 80 90 190 84 2 250 00025 30 seng Zn 75 79 70 11 900 00026 29 tembaga Cu 100 50 68 60 19 400 00027 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66 528 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41 529 57 lanthanum La 32 34 3930 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 6 00031 7 nitrogen N 50 25 20 19 140 000 00032 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 123 00033 3 lithium Li 20 17 20 35 00034 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 64 00035 31 gallium Ga 18 19 1936 21 skandium Sc 16 26 2237 82 timbal Pb 14 10 14 4 820 00038 62 samarium Sm 7 9 6 7 0539 90 torium Th 12 6 9 640 59 praseodymium Pr 9 5 8 7 9 241 5 boron B 950 8 7 10 9 400 00042 64 gadolinium Gd 7 7 5 2 6 243 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6 2 5 244 72 hafnium Hf 5 3 3 3 3 045 68 erbium Er 3 8 3 0 3 546 70 ytterbium Yb 3 3 2 8 3 247 55 caesium Cs 3 1 9 348 4 beryllium Be 2 6 1 9 2 8 22049 50 tin Sn 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 280 00050 63 europium Eu 2 1 1 8 2 051 92 uranium U 0 1 8 2 7 74 11952 73 tantalum Ta 2 1 7 2 0 1 10053 32 germanium Ge 1 8 1 4 1 5 15554 42 molybdenum Mo 1 5 1 1 1 2 227 00055 33 arsenic As 1 5 2 1 1 8 36 50056 67 holmium Ho 1 4 1 2 1 357 65 terbium Tb 1 1 0 94 1 258 69 thulium Tm 0 48 0 45 0 5259 35 bromine Br 0 37 3 2 4 391 00060 81 thallium Tl 0 6 0 530 0 850 1061 71 lutetium 7 Lu 0 562 51 antimony Sb 0 2 0 2 0 2 130 00063 53 iodine I 0 14 0 490 0 450 31 60064 48 cadmium Cd 0 11 0 15 0 15 23 00065 47 perak Ag 0 070 0 080 0 075 27 00066 80 raksa Hg 0 05 0 067 0 085 4 50067 34 selenium Se 0 05 0 05 0 05 2 20068 49 indium In 0 049 0 160 0 250 65569 83 bismut Bi 0 048 0 025 0 0085 10 20070 52 tellurium Te 0 005 0 001 0 001 2 20071 78 platinum Pt 0 003 0 0037 0 005 17272 79 emas Au 0 0011 0 0031 0 004 3 10073 44 ruthenium Ru 0 001 0 001 0 00174 46 palladium Pd 0 0006 0 0063 0 015 20875 75 rhenium Re 0 0004 0 0026 0 0007 47 276 77 iridium Ir 0 0003 0 0004 0 00177 45 rhodium Rh 0 0002 0 0007 0 00178 76 osmium Os 0 0001 0 0018 0 0015Referensi Sunting Elements Terrestrial Abundance www daviddarling info Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 10 April 2007 Diakses tanggal 2007 04 14 Barbalace Kenneth Periodic Table of Elements Environmental Chemistry com Diakses tanggal 2007 04 14 Abundance in Earth s Crust WebElements com Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 March 2007 Diakses tanggal 2007 04 14 List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth s crust Israel Science and Technology Homepage Diakses tanggal 2007 04 15 It s Elemental The Periodic Table of Elements Jefferson Lab Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2007 Diakses tanggal 2007 04 14 Commodity Statistics and Information USGS All production numbers are for mines except for Al Cd Fe Ge In N Se plants refineries S all forms and As Br Mg Si unspecified Data for B K Ti Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide data for Na and Cl are for NaCl For many elements like Si Al data are ambiguous many forms produced and are taken for the pure element U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet 1 Diarsipkan 2017 10 01 di Wayback Machine WNA Emsley John 2001 Nature s building blocks an A Z guide to the elements Oxford University Press hlm 240 242 ISBN 0 19 850341 5 Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi amp oldid 21998003