Penghargaan Nobel bahasa Swedia Nobelpriset bahasa Norwegia Nobelprisen adalah penghargaan yang diberikan secara tahunan oleh Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Kerajaan Swedia Akademi Swedia Institut Karolinska dan Komite Nobel Norwegia kepada individu dan organisasi yang membuat jasa jasa menakjubkan dalam bidang kimia fisika sastra perdamaian dan fisiologi atau kedokteran 1 Penghargaan penghargaan tersebut didirikan pada 1895 atas kehendak Alfred Nobel yang memerintahkan agar penghargaan tersebut diurus oleh Yayasan Nobel Nobel Ekonomi didirikan pada 1968 oleh Sveriges Riksbank bank sentral Swedia terhadap jasa jasa pada bidang ekonomi Setiap penerima meraih sebuah medali emas sebuah diploma dan sejumlah uang yang diberikan oleh Yayasan Nobel secara tahunan 2 Para penerima Nobel meraih sebuah medali emas bersama dengan sebuah diploma dan pada 2012 8 juta SEK setara US 1 2 juta 0 93 juta Para penerima Nobel 2012 Alvin E Roth Brian Kobilka Robert J Lefkowitz David J Wineland dan Serge Haroche pada acara tersebut Daftar isi 1 Penghargaan 2 Penerima 3 Daftar penerima 4 Catatan 5 Lihat pula 6 Referensi 7 Pranala luarPenghargaan SuntingSetiap penghargaan diberikan oleh komite yang terpisah Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Kerajaan Swedia memberikan Penghargaan Fisika Kimia dan Ekonomi Institut Karolinska memberikan Penghargaan Fisiologi atau Kedokteran dan Komite Nobel Norwegia memberikan Penghargaan Perdamaian 3 Setiap pemerina meraih sebuah medali sebuah diploma dan penghargaan uang yang jumlahnya bervariasi setiap tahun 2 Pada 1901 para penerima Penghargaan Nobel pertama diberikan 150 782 SEK yang setara dengan 7 731 004 SEK pada Desember 2007 Pada 2008 para penerima diberikan penghargaan sejumlah 10 000 000 SEK 4 Penghargaan tersebut dipersembahkan di Stockholm dalam sebuah acara tahunan pada 10 Desember 10 hari peringatan kematian Nobel 5 Pada beberapa tahun Penghargaan Nobel tidak diberikan karena peristiwa peristiwa eksternal atau kurangnya nominasi penghargaan uang dikembalikan kepada yayasan mendelegasikan untuk penghargaan relevan 6 Penghargaan Nobel tidak diberikan antara 1940 dan 1942 karena pecahnya Perang Dunia II 7 Penerima SuntingAntara 1901 dan 2015 Penghargaan Nobel dan Nobel Ekonomi dianugerahkan 573 kali kepada 900 orang dan organisasi Dengan beberapa meraih Penghargaan Nobel lebih dari sekali hal ini membuat jumlahnya menjadi 870 individual mencakup 822 pria 48 wanita dan 21 organisasi Empat penerima Nobel tidak diizinkan oleh pemerintah mereka untuk mendapatkan Penghargaan Nobel Adolf Hitler melarang tiga orang Jerman Richard Kuhn Kimia 1938 Adolf Butenandt Kimia 1939 dan Gerhard Domagk Fisiologi atau Kedokteran 1939 untuk menerima Penghargaan Nobel mereka dan pemerintah Uni Soviet menyuruh Boris Pasternak Sastra 1958 untuk menolak penghargaannya Dua penerima Nobel Jean Paul Sartre Sastra 1964 dan Le Dức Thọ Perdamaian 1973 menolak penghargaan tersebut Sartre menolak penghargaan tersebut karena ia menolak semua penghargaan resmi dan Le menolah penghargaan tersebut karena situasi Vietnam pada waktu itu Enam penerima meraih lebih dari satu penghargaan dari keenamnya Komite Palang Merah Internasional telah meraih Nobel Perdamaian sebanyak tiga kali lebih banyak ketimbang yang lainnya 8 UNHCR telah meraih penghargaan tersebut sebanyak dua kali dengan Nobel Perdamaian Selain itu Nobel Fisika diberikan kepada John Bardeen sebanyak dua kali dan Nobel Kimia kepada Frederick Sanger Dua penerima mendapatkan penghargaan sebanyak dua kali namun tidak pada bidang yang sama Marie Curie Fisika dan Kimia dan Linus Pauling Kimia dan Perdamaian Di antara 870 penerima Nobel 48 adalah wanita wanita pertama yang meraih Penghargaan Nobel adalah Marie Curie yang meraih Penghargaan Fisika pada 1903 9 Ia juga menjadi orang pertama laki laki atau perempuan yang meraih dua Penghargaan Nobel penghargaan yang kedua adalah Nobel Kimia yang diberikan pada 1911 8 Daftar penerima SuntingTahun Fisika Kimia Fisiologi dan Kedokteran Sastra Perdamaian Ekonomi1901 Rontgen Wilhelm Wilhelm Rontgen Hoff Jacobus Henricus van t Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff von Behring Emil Adolf Emil Adolf von Behring Prudhomme Sully Sully Prudhomme Dunant Henry Henry Dunant Passy Frederic Frederic Passy 1902 Lorentz Hendrik Hendrik Lorentz Zeeman Pieter Pieter Zeeman Fischer Hermann Emil Hermann Emil Fischer Ross Ronald Ronald Ross Mommsen Theodor Theodor Mommsen Ducommun Elie Elie Ducommun Gobat Charles Albert Charles Albert Gobat 1903 Becquerel Henri Henri Becquerel Curie Pierre Pierre Curie Curie Marie Marie Curie Arrhenius Svante Svante Arrhenius Finsen Niels Ryberg Niels Ryberg Finsen Bjornson Bjornstjerne Bjornstjerne Bjornson Cremer Randal Randal Cremer 1904 Rayleigh The Lord The Lord Rayleigh Ramsay William William Ramsay Pavlov Ivan Ivan Pavlov Mistral Frederic Frederic Mistral Echegaray Jose Jose Echegaray Institut de Droit International 1905 Lenard Philipp Philipp Lenard Baeyer Adolf von Adolf von Baeyer Koch Robert Robert Koch Sienkiewicz Henryk Henryk Sienkiewicz Suttner Bertha von Bertha von Suttner 1906 Thomson J J J J Thomson Moissan Henri Henri Moissan Golgi Camillo Camillo Golgi Ramon y Cajal Santiago Santiago Ramon y Cajal Carducci Giosue Giosue Carducci Roosevelt Theodore Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Michelson Albert Abraham Albert Abraham Michelson Buchner Eduard Eduard Buchner Laveran Charles Louis Alphonse Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran Kipling Rudyard Rudyard Kipling Moneta Ernesto Teodoro Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Renault Louis Louis Renault 1908 Lippmann Gabriel Gabriel Lippmann Rutherford Ernest Ernest Rutherford Metchnikoff Elie Elie Metchnikoff Ehrlich Paul Paul Ehrlich Eucken Rudolf Christoph Rudolf Christoph Eucken Arnoldson Klas Pontus Klas Pontus Arnoldson Bajer Fredrik Fredrik Bajer 1909 Braun Karl Ferdinand Karl Ferdinand Braun Marconi Guglielmo Guglielmo Marconi Ostwald Wilhelm Wilhelm Ostwald Kocher Emil Theodor Emil Theodor Kocher Lagerlof Selma Selma Lagerlof Beernaert Auguste Marie Francois Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert d Estournelles de Constant Paul Henri Benjamin Paul Henri Benjamin d Estournelles de Constant 1910 Waals Johannes Diderik van der Johannes Diderik van der Waals Wallach Otto Otto Wallach Kossel Albrecht Albrecht Kossel Heyse Paul Paul Heyse International Peace Bureau 1911 Wien Wilhelm Wilhelm Wien Curie Marie Marie Curie Gullstrand Allvar Allvar Gullstrand Maeterlinck Maurice Maurice Maeterlinck Asser Tobias Tobias Asser Fried Alfred Hermann Alfred Hermann Fried 1912 Dalen Gustaf Gustaf Dalen Grignard Victor Victor Grignard Sabatier Paul Paul Sabatier Carrel Alexis Alexis Carrel Hauptmann Gerhart Gerhart Hauptmann Root Elihu Elihu Root 1913 Kamerlingh Onnes Heike Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Werner Alfred Alfred Werner Richet Charles Charles Richet Tagore Rabindranath Rabindranath Tagore La Fontaine Henri Henri La Fontaine 1914 von Laue Max Max von Laue Richards Theodore William Theodore William Richards Barany Robert Robert Barany Tidak ada Tidak ada 1915 Bragg William Henry William Henry Bragg Bragg William Lawrence William Lawrence Bragg Willstatter Richard Richard Willstatter Tidak ada Rolland Romain Romain Rolland Tidak ada 1916 Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Heidenstam Verner von Verner von Heidenstam Tidak ada 1917 Barkla Charles Glover Charles Glover Barkla Tidak ada Tidak ada Gjellerup Karl Adolph Karl Adolph Gjellerup Pontoppidan Henrik Henrik Pontoppidan Palang Merah Internasional 1918 Planck Max Max Planck Haber Fritz Fritz Haber Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada 1919 Stark Johannes Johannes Stark Tidak ada Bordet Jules Jules Bordet Spitteler Carl Carl Spitteler Wilson Woodrow Woodrow Wilson 1920 Guillaume Charles Edouard Charles Edouard Guillaume Nernst Walther Walther Nernst Krogh August August Krogh Hamsun Knut Knut Hamsun Bourgeois Leon Leon Bourgeois 1921 Einstein Albert Albert Einstein Soddy Frederick Frederick Soddy Tidak ada France Anatole Anatole France Branting Hjalmar Hjalmar Branting Lange Christian Lous Christian Lous Lange 1922 Bohr Niels Niels Bohr Aston Francis William Francis William Aston Hill Archibald Archibald Hill Meyerhof Otto Fritz Otto Fritz Meyerhof Benavente Jacinto Jacinto Benavente Nansen Fridtjof Fridtjof Nansen 1923 Millikan Robert Andrews Robert Andrews Millikan Pregl Fritz Fritz Pregl Banting Frederick Frederick Banting Macleod John James Richard John James Richard Macleod Yeats W B W B Yeats Tidak ada 1924 Siegbahn Manne Manne Siegbahn Tidak ada Einthoven Willem Willem Einthoven Reymont Wladyslaw Wladyslaw Reymont Tidak ada 1925 Franck James James Franck Hertz Gustav Ludwig Gustav Ludwig Hertz Zsigmondy Richard Adolf Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Tidak ada Shaw George Bernard George Bernard Shaw Chamberlain Austen Austen Chamberlain Dawes Charles G Charles G Dawes 1926 Perrin Jean Baptiste Jean Baptiste Perrin Svedberg Theodor Theodor Svedberg Fibiger Johannes Johannes Fibiger Deledda Grazia Grazia Deledda Briand Aristide Aristide Briand Stresemann Gustav Gustav Stresemann 1927 Compton Arthur Arthur Compton Wilson Charles Thomson Rees Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Wieland Heinrich Otto Heinrich Otto Wieland Wagner Jauregg Julius Julius Wagner Jauregg Bergson Henri Henri Bergson Buisson Ferdinand Ferdinand Buisson Quidde Ludwig Ludwig Quidde 1928 Richardson Owen Willans Owen Willans Richardson Windaus Adolf Otto Reinhold Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Nicolle Charles Charles Nicolle Undset Sigrid Sigrid Undset Tidak ada 1929 Broglie Louis de Louis de Broglie Harden Arthur Arthur Harden von Euler Chelpin Hans Hans von Euler Chelpin Eijkman Christiaan Christiaan Eijkman Hopkins Frederick Gowland Frederick Gowland Hopkins Mann Thomas Thomas Mann Kellogg Frank B Frank B Kellogg 1930 Raman C V C V Raman Fischer Hans Hans Fischer Landsteiner Karl Karl Landsteiner Lewis Sinclair Sinclair Lewis Soderblom Nathan Nathan Soderblom 1931 Tidak ada Bosch Carl Carl Bosch Bergius Friedrich Friedrich Bergius Warburg Otto Heinrich Otto Heinrich Warburg Karlfeldt Erik Axel Erik Axel Karlfeldt Addams Jane Jane Addams Butler Nicholas Murray Nicholas Murray Butler 1932 Heisenberg Werner Werner Heisenberg Langmuir Irving Irving Langmuir Sherrington Charles Scott Charles Scott Sherrington Adrian Edgar Edgar Adrian Galsworthy John John Galsworthy Tidak ada 1933 Schrodinger Erwin Erwin Schrodinger Dirac Paul Paul Dirac Tidak ada Morgan Thomas Hunt Thomas Hunt Morgan Bunin Ivan Ivan Bunin Angell Norman Norman Angell 1934 Tidak ada Urey Harold Harold Urey Whipple George George Whipple Minot George George Minot Murphy William P William P Murphy Pirandello Luigi Luigi Pirandello Henderson Arthur Arthur Henderson 1935 Chadwick James James Chadwick Joliot Curie Frederic Frederic Joliot Curie Joliot Curie Irene Irene Joliot Curie Spemann Hans Hans Spemann Tidak ada von Ossietzky Carl Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Hess Victor Francis Victor Francis Hess Anderson Carl David Carl David Anderson Debye Peter Peter Debye Dale Henry Hallett Henry Hallett Dale Loewi Otto Otto Loewi O Neill Eugene Eugene O Neill Lamas Carlos Saavedra Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Davisson Clinton Clinton Davisson Thomson George Paget George Paget Thomson Haworth Norman Norman Haworth Karrer Paul Paul Karrer Szent Gyorgyi Albert Albert Szent Gyorgyi du Gard Roger Martin Roger Martin du Gard Cecil of Chelwood The Viscount The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood 1938 Fermi Enrico Enrico Fermi Kuhn Richard Richard Kuhn A Heymans Corneille Corneille Heymans Buck Pearl S Pearl S Buck Nansen International Office For Refugees 1939 Lawrence Ernest Ernest Lawrence Butenandt Adolf Adolf Butenandt A Ruzicka Leopold Leopold Ruzicka Domagk Gerhard Gerhard Domagk A Sillanpaa Frans Eemil Frans Eemil Sillanpaa Tidak ada 1940 Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada 1941 Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada 1942 Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada 1943 Stern Otto Otto Stern Hevesy George de George de Hevesy Dam Henrik Henrik Dam Doisy Edward Adelbert Edward Adelbert Doisy Tidak ada Tidak ada 1944 Rabi Isidor Isaac Isidor Isaac Rabi Hahn Otto Otto Hahn Erlanger Joseph Joseph Erlanger Gasser Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer Gasser Jensen Johannes Vilhelm Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Komite Internasional Palang Merah 1945 Pauli Wolfgang Wolfgang Pauli Virtanen Artturi Ilmari Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Fleming Alexander Alexander Fleming Chain Ernst Boris Ernst Boris Chain Florey Howard Howard Florey Mistral Gabriela Gabriela Mistral Hull Cordell Cordell Hull 1946 Bridgman Percy Williams Percy Williams Bridgman Sumner James B James B Sumner Northrop John Howard John Howard Northrop Stanley Wendell Meredith Wendell Meredith Stanley Muller Hermann Joseph Hermann Joseph Muller Hesse Hermann Hermann Hesse Balch Emily Greene Emily Greene Balch Mott John John Mott 1947 Appleton Edward Victor Edward Victor Appleton Robinson Robert Robert Robinson Cori Carl Ferdinand Carl Ferdinand Cori Cori Gerty Gerty Cori Houssay Bernardo Bernardo Houssay Gide Andre Andre Gide Friends Service Council American Friends Service Committee 1948 Blackett Patrick Patrick Blackett Tiselius Arne Arne Tiselius Muller Paul Hermann Paul Hermann Muller Eliot T S T S Eliot Tidak ada B 1949 Yukawa Hideki Hideki Yukawa Giauque William William Giauque Hess Walter Rudolf Walter Rudolf Hess Moniz Antonio Egas Antonio Egas Moniz Faulkner William William Faulkner Boyd Orr John John Boyd Orr 1950 Powell Cecil Frank Cecil Frank Powell Diels Otto Otto Diels Alder Kurt Kurt Alder Hench Philip Showalter Philip Showalter Hench Kendall Edward Calvin Edward Calvin Kendall Reichstein Tadeus Tadeus Reichstein Russell The Earl The Earl Russell Bunche Ralph Ralph Bunche 1951 Cockcroft John John Cockcroft Walton Ernest Ernest Walton McMillan Edwin Edwin McMillan Seaborg Glenn T Glenn T Seaborg Theiler Max Max Theiler Lagerkvist Par Par Lagerkvist Jouhaux Leon Leon Jouhaux 1952 Bloch Felix Felix Bloch Purcell Edward Mills Edward Mills Purcell Martin Archer John Porter Archer John Porter Martin Synge Richard Laurence Millington Richard Laurence Millington Synge Waksman Selman Selman Waksman Mauriac Francois Francois Mauriac Schweitzer Albert Albert Schweitzer 1953 Zernike Frits Frits Zernike Staudinger Hermann Hermann Staudinger Krebs Hans Adolf Hans Adolf Krebs Lipmann Fritz Albert Fritz Albert Lipmann Churchill Winston Winston Churchill Marshall George George Marshall 1954 Born Max Max Born Bothe Walther Walther Bothe Pauling Linus Linus Pauling Enders John Franklin John Franklin Enders Robbins Frederick Chapman Frederick Chapman Robbins Weller Thomas Huckle Thomas Huckle Weller Hemingway Ernest Ernest Hemingway United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 Lamb Willis Willis Lamb Kusch Polykarp Polykarp Kusch du Vigneaud Vincent Vincent du Vigneaud Theorell Hugo Hugo Theorell Laxness Halldor Halldor Laxness Tidak ada 1956 Bardeen John John Bardeen Brattain Walter Houser Walter Houser Brattain Shockley William William Shockley Hinshelwood Cyril Norman Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Semyonov Nikolay Nikolay Semyonov Cournand Andre Frederic Andre Frederic Cournand Forssmann Werner Werner Forssmann Richards Dickinson W Dickinson W Richards Jimenez Juan Ramon Juan Ramon Jimenez Tidak ada 1957 Yang Chen Ning Chen Ning Yang Lee Tsung Dao Tsung Dao Lee Todd The Lord The Lord Todd Bovet Daniel Daniel Bovet Camus Albert Albert Camus Pearson Lester B Lester B Pearson 1958 Cherenkov Pavel Pavel Cherenkov Frank Ilya Ilya Frank Tamm Igor Igor Tamm Sanger Frederick Frederick Sanger Beadle George Wells George Wells Beadle Tatum Edward Lawrie Edward Lawrie Tatum Lederberg Joshua Joshua Lederberg Pasternak Boris Boris Pasternak C Pire Dominique Dominique Pire 1959 Segre Emilio G Emilio G Segre Chamberlain Owen Owen Chamberlain Heyrovsky Jaroslav Jaroslav Heyrovsky Kornberg Arthur Arthur Kornberg Ochoa Severo Severo Ochoa Quasimodo Salvatore Salvatore Quasimodo Noel Baker Philip Philip Noel Baker 1960 Glaser Donald A Donald A Glaser Libby Willard Willard Libby Burnet Frank Macfarlane Frank Macfarlane Burnet Medawar Peter Peter Medawar Perse Saint John Saint John Perse Lutuli Albert Albert Lutuli 1961 Hofstadter Robert Robert Hofstadter Mossbauer Rudolf Rudolf Mossbauer Calvin Melvin Melvin Calvin von Bekesy Georg Georg von Bekesy Andric Ivo Ivo Andric Hammarskjold Dag Dag Hammarskjold 1962 Landau Lev Lev Landau Perutz Max Max Perutz Kendrew John John Kendrew Crick Francis Francis Crick Watson James D James D Watson Wilkins Maurice Maurice Wilkins Steinbeck John John Steinbeck Pauling Linus Linus Pauling 1963 Wigner Eugene Eugene Wigner Goeppert Mayer Maria Maria Goeppert Mayer Jensen J Hans D J Hans D Jensen Ziegler Karl Karl Ziegler Natta Giulio Giulio Natta Eccles John John Eccles Hodgkin Alan Lloyd Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Huxley Andrew Andrew Huxley Seferis Giorgos Giorgos Seferis Komite Internasional Palang Merah Gerakan Internasional Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah 1964 Townes Charles Hard Charles Hard Townes Basov Nikolay Nikolay Basov Prokhorov Alexander Alexander Prokhorov Hodgkin Dorothy Dorothy Hodgkin Bloch Konrad Emil Konrad Emil Bloch Lynen Feodor Felix Konrad Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen Sartre Jean Paul Jean Paul Sartre D King Jr Martin Luther Martin Luther King Jr 1965 Tomonaga Sin Itiro Sin Itiro Tomonaga Schwinger Julian Julian Schwinger Feynman Richard Richard Feynman Woodward Robert Burns Robert Burns Woodward Jacob Francois Francois Jacob Lwoff Andre Michel Andre Michel Lwoff Monod Jacques Jacques Monod Sholokhov Mikhail Mikhail Sholokhov United Nations International Children s Emergency Fund UNICEF 1966 Kastler Alfred Alfred Kastler Mulliken Robert S Robert S Mulliken Rous Francis Peyton Francis Peyton Rous Huggins Charles Brenton Charles Brenton Huggins Agnon Shmuel Yosef Shmuel Yosef Agnon Sachs Nelly Nelly Sachs Tidak ada 1967 Bethe Hans Hans Bethe Eigen Manfred Manfred Eigen Norrish Ronald George Wreyford Ronald George Wreyford Norrish Porter George George Porter Granit Ragnar Ragnar Granit Hartline Haldan Keffer Haldan Keffer Hartline Wald George George Wald Asturias Miguel Angel Miguel Angel Asturias Tidak ada 1968 Alvarez Luis Walter Luis Walter Alvarez Onsager Lars Lars Onsager Holley Robert W Robert W Holley Khorana Har Gobind Har Gobind Khorana Nirenberg Marshall Warren Marshall Warren Nirenberg Kawabata Yasunari Yasunari Kawabata Cassin Rene Rene Cassin 1969 Gell Mann Murray Murray Gell Mann Barton Derek Derek Barton Hassel Odd Odd Hassel Delbruck Max Max Delbruck Hershey Alfred Alfred Hershey Luria Salvador Salvador Luria Beckett Samuel Samuel Beckett International Labour Organization Frisch Ragnar Ragnar Frisch Tinbergen Jan Jan Tinbergen1970 Alfven Hannes Hannes Alfven Neel Louis Louis Neel Leloir Luis Federico Luis Federico Leloir Axelrod Julius Julius Axelrod von Euler Ulf Ulf von Euler Katz Bernard Bernard Katz Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Borlaug Norman Norman Borlaug Samuelson Paul Paul Samuelson1971 Gabor Dennis Dennis Gabor Herzberg Gerhard Gerhard Herzberg Sutherland Jr Earl Wilbur Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr Neruda Pablo Pablo Neruda Brandt Willy Willy Brandt Kuznets Simon Simon Kuznets1972 Bardeen John John Bardeen Cooper Leon Leon Cooper Schrieffer John Robert John Robert Schrieffer Anfinsen Christian B Christian B Anfinsen Moore Stanford Stanford Moore Stein William Howard William Howard Stein Edelman Gerald Gerald Edelman Porter Rodney Robert Rodney Robert Porter Boll Heinrich Heinrich Boll Tidak ada Hicks John John Hicks Arrow Kenneth Kenneth Arrow1973 Esaki Leo Leo Esaki Giaever Ivar Ivar Giaever Josephson Brian David Brian David Josephson Fischer Ernst Otto Ernst Otto Fischer Wilkinson Geoffrey Geoffrey Wilkinson von Frisch Karl Karl von Frisch Lorenz Konrad Konrad Lorenz Tinbergen Nikolaas Nikolaas Tinbergen White Patrick Patrick White Kissinger Henry Henry Kissinger Duc Tho Le Le Duc Tho E Leontief Wassily Wassily Leontief1974 Ryle Martin Martin Ryle Hewish Antony Antony Hewish Flory Paul Paul Flory Claude Albert Albert Claude de Duve Christian Christian de Duve Palade George Emil George Emil Palade Johnson Eyvind Eyvind Johnson Martinson Harry Harry Martinson MacBride Sean Sean MacBride Satō Eisaku Eisaku Satō Myrdal Gunnar Gunnar Myrdal Hayek Friedrich Friedrich Hayek1975 Bohr Aage Aage Bohr Mottelson Ben Roy Ben Roy Mottelson Rainwater James James Rainwater Cornforth John John Cornforth Prelog Vladimir Vladimir Prelog Baltimore David David Baltimore Dulbecco Renato Renato Dulbecco Temin Howard Martin Howard Martin Temin Montale Eugenio Eugenio Montale Sakharov Andrei Andrei Sakharov Kantorovich Leonid Leonid Kantorovich Koopmans Tjalling Tjalling Koopmans1976 Richter Burton Burton Richter Ting Samuel C C Samuel C C Ting Lipscomb William William Lipscomb Blumberg Baruch Samuel Baruch Samuel Blumberg Gajdusek Daniel Carleton Daniel Carleton Gajdusek Bellow Saul Saul Bellow Williams Betty Betty Williams Maguire Mairead Mairead Maguire Friedman Milton Milton Friedman1977 Anderson Philip Warren Philip Warren Anderson Mott Nevill Francis Nevill Francis Mott Van Vleck John Hasbrouck John Hasbrouck Van Vleck Prigogine Ilya Ilya Prigogine Guillemin Roger Roger Guillemin Schally Andrew Andrew Schally Yalow Rosalyn Sussman Rosalyn Sussman Yalow Aleixandre Vicente Vicente Aleixandre Amnesty International Ohlin Bertil Bertil Ohlin Meade James James Meade1978 Kapitsa Pyotr Pyotr Kapitsa Penzias Arno Allan Arno Allan Penzias Wilson Robert Woodrow Robert Woodrow Wilson Mitchell Peter D Peter D Mitchell Arber Werner Werner Arber Nathans Daniel Daniel Nathans Smith Hamilton O Hamilton O Smith Singer Isaac Bashevis Isaac Bashevis Singer Sadat Anwar Anwar Sadat Begin Menachem Menachem Begin Simon Herbert A Herbert A Simon1979 Glashow Sheldon Lee Sheldon Lee Glashow Salam Abdus Abdus Salam Weinberg Steven Steven Weinberg Brown Herbert C Herbert C Brown Wittig Georg Georg Wittig Cormack Allan McLeod Allan McLeod Cormack Hounsfield Godfrey Godfrey Hounsfield Elytis Odysseas Odysseas Elytis Teresa Mother Mother Teresa Schultz Theodore Theodore Schultz Lewis Arthur Arthur Lewis1980 Cronin James James Cronin Fitch Val Logsdon Val Logsdon Fitch Berg Paul Paul Berg Gilbert Walter Walter Gilbert Sanger Frederick Frederick Sanger Benacerraf Baruj Baruj Benacerraf Dausset Jean Jean Dausset Snell George Davis George Davis Snell Milosz Czeslaw Czeslaw Milosz Esquivel Adolfo Perez Adolfo Perez Esquivel Klein Lawrence Lawrence Klein1981 Bloembergen Nicolaas Nicolaas Bloembergen Schawlow Arthur Leonard Arthur Leonard Schawlow Siegbahn Kai Kai Siegbahn Fukui Kenichi Kenichi Fukui Hoffmann Roald Roald Hoffmann Sperry Roger Wolcott Roger Wolcott Sperry Hubel David H David H Hubel Wiesel Torsten Torsten Wiesel Canetti Elias Elias Canetti United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Tobin James James Tobin1982 Wilson Kenneth G Kenneth G Wilson Klug Aaron Aaron Klug Bergstrom Sune Sune Bergstrom Samuelsson Bengt I Bengt I Samuelsson Vane John John Vane Marquez Gabriel Garcia Gabriel Garcia Marquez Myrdal Alva Alva Myrdal Robles Alfonso Garcia Alfonso Garcia Robles Stigler George George Stigler1983 Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Fowler William Alfred William Alfred Fowler Taube Henry Henry Taube McClintock Barbara Barbara McClintock Golding William William Golding Walesa Lech Lech Walesa Debreu Gerard Gerard Debreu1984 Rubbia Carlo Carlo Rubbia van der Meer Simon Simon van der Meer Merrifield Robert Bruce Robert Bruce Merrifield Jerne Niels Kaj Niels Kaj Jerne Kohler Georges J F Georges J F Kohler Milstein Cesar Cesar Milstein Seifert Jaroslav Jaroslav Seifert Tutu Desmond Desmond Tutu Stone Richard Richard Stone1985 von Klitzing Klaus Klaus von Klitzing Hauptman Herbert A Herbert A Hauptman Karle Jerome Jerome Karle Brown Michael Stuart Michael Stuart Brown Goldstein Joseph L Joseph L Goldstein Simon Claude Claude Simon International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Modigliani Franco Franco Modigliani1986 Ruska Ernst Ernst Ruska Binnig Gerd Gerd Binnig Rohrer Heinrich Heinrich Rohrer Herschbach Dudley R Dudley R Herschbach Lee Yuan T Yuan T Lee Polanyi John John Polanyi Cohen Stanley Stanley Cohen Levi Montalcini Rita Rita Levi Montalcini Soyinka Wole Wole Soyinka Wiesel Elie Elie Wiesel Buchanan James M James M Buchanan1987 Bednorz Johannes Georg Johannes Georg Bednorz Muller Karl Alexander Karl Alexander Muller Cram Donald J Donald J Cram Lehn Jean Marie Jean Marie Lehn Pedersen Charles J Charles J Pedersen Tonegawa Susumu Susumu Tonegawa Brodsky Joseph Joseph Brodsky Arias oscar oscar Arias Solow Robert Robert Solow1988 Lederman Leon M Leon M Lederman Schwartz Melvin Melvin Schwartz Steinberger Jack Jack Steinberger Deisenhofer Johann Johann Deisenhofer Huber Robert Robert Huber Michel Hartmut Hartmut Michel Black James W James W Black Elion Gertrude B Gertrude B Elion Hitchings George H George H Hitchings Mahfouz Naguib Naguib Mahfouz Pasukan pemelihara perdamaian Allais Maurice Maurice Allais1989 Ramsey Jr Norman Foster Norman Foster Ramsey Jr Dehmelt Hans Georg Hans Georg Dehmelt Paul Wolfgang Wolfgang Paul Altman Sidney Sidney Altman Cech Thomas Thomas Cech Bishop J Michael J Michael Bishop Varmus Harold E Harold E Varmus Cela Camilo Jose Camilo Jose Cela Lama Dalai Dalai Lama Haavelmo Trygve Trygve Haavelmo1990 Friedman Jerome Isaac Jerome Isaac Friedman Kendall Henry Way Henry Way Kendall Taylor Richard E Richard E Taylor Corey Elias James Elias James Corey Murray Joseph Joseph Murray Thomas E Donnall E Donnall Thomas Paz Octavio Octavio Paz Gorbachev Mikhail Mikhail Gorbachev Markowitz Harry Harry Markowitz Miller Merton Merton Miller Sharpe William Forsyth William Forsyth Sharpe1991 Gennes Pierre Gilles de Pierre Gilles de Gennes Ernst Richard R Richard R Ernst Neher Erwin Erwin Neher Sakmann Bert Bert Sakmann Gordimer Nadine Nadine Gordimer Suu Kyi Aung San Aung San Suu Kyi Coase Ronald Ronald Coase1992 Charpak Georges Georges Charpak Marcus Rudolph A Rudolph A Marcus Fischer Edmond H Edmond H Fischer Krebs Edwin G Edwin G Krebs Walcott Derek Derek Walcott Menchu Rigoberta Rigoberta Menchu Becker Gary Gary Becker1993 Hulse Russell Alan Russell Alan Hulse Taylor Jr Joseph Hooton Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr Mullis Kary Kary Mullis Smith Michael Michael Smith Roberts Richard J Richard J Roberts Sharp Phillip Allen Phillip Allen Sharp Morrison Toni Toni Morrison Mandela Nelson Nelson Mandela de Klerk F W F W de Klerk Fogel Robert Robert Fogel North Douglass Douglass North1994 Brockhouse Bertram Bertram Brockhouse Shull Clifford Clifford Shull Olah George Andrew George Andrew Olah Gilman Alfred G Alfred G Gilman Rodbell Martin Martin Rodbell Ōe Kenzaburō Kenzaburō Ōe Arafat Yasser Yasser Arafat Peres Shimon Shimon Peres Rabin Yitzhak Yitzhak Rabin Harsanyi John John Harsanyi Nash Jr John Forbes John Forbes Nash Jr Selten Reinhard Reinhard Selten1995 Perl Martin Lewis Martin Lewis Perl Reines Frederick Frederick Reines Crutzen Paul J Paul J Crutzen Molina Mario J 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Christian Skou Prusiner Stanley B Stanley B Prusiner Fo Dario Dario Fo International Campaign to Ban Landmines Williams Jody Jody Williams Merton Robert C Robert C Merton Scholes Myron Myron Scholes1998 Laughlin Robert B Robert B Laughlin Stormer Horst Ludwig Horst Ludwig Stormer Tsui Daniel C Daniel C Tsui Kohn Walter Walter Kohn Pople John John Pople Furchgott Robert F Robert F Furchgott Ignarro Louis Louis Ignarro Murad Ferid Ferid Murad Saramago Jose Jose Saramago Hume John John Hume Trimble David David Trimble Sen Amartya Amartya Sen1999 Hooft Gerard t Gerard t Hooft Veltman Martinus J G Martinus J G Veltman Zewail Ahmed Ahmed Zewail Blobel Gunter Gunter Blobel Grass Gunter Gunter Grass Medecins Sans Frontieres Mundell Robert Robert Mundell2000 Alferov Zhores Zhores Alferov Kroemer Herbert Herbert Kroemer Kilby Jack Jack Kilby Heeger Alan J Alan J Heeger MacDiarmid Alan Alan MacDiarmid Shirakawa Hideki Hideki Shirakawa Carlsson Arvid Arvid Carlsson Greengard Paul Paul Greengard Kandel Eric Eric Kandel Xingjian Gao Gao Xingjian Dae jung Kim Kim Dae jung Heckman James James Heckman McFadden Daniel Daniel McFadden2001 Cornell Eric Allin Eric Allin Cornell Ketterle Wolfgang Wolfgang Ketterle Wieman Carl Carl Wieman Knowles William Standish William Standish Knowles Noyori Ryōji Ryōji Noyori Sharpless Karl Barry Karl Barry Sharpless Hartwell Leland H Leland H Hartwell Hunt Tim Tim Hunt Nurse Paul Paul Nurse Naipaul V S V S Naipaul United Nations Annan Kofi Kofi Annan Akerlof George George Akerlof Spence Michael Michael Spence Stiglitz Joseph Joseph Stiglitz2002 Davis Jr Raymond Raymond Davis Jr Koshiba Masatoshi Masatoshi Koshiba Giacconi Riccardo Riccardo Giacconi Fenn John John Fenn Tanaka Koichi Koichi Tanaka Wuthrich Kurt Kurt Wuthrich Brenner Sydney Sydney Brenner Horvitz H Robert H Robert Horvitz Sulston John John Sulston Kertesz Imre Imre Kertesz Carter Jimmy Jimmy Carter Kahneman Daniel Daniel Kahneman Smith Vernon L Vernon L Smith2003 Abrikosov Alexei Alexeyevich Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Ginzburg Vitaly Vitaly Ginzburg Leggett Anthony James Anthony James Leggett Agre Peter Peter Agre MacKinnon Roderick Roderick MacKinnon Lauterbur Paul Paul Lauterbur Mansfield Peter Peter Mansfield Coetzee J M J M Coetzee Ebadi Shirin Shirin Ebadi Engle Robert F Robert F Engle Granger Clive Clive Granger2004 Gross David David Gross Politzer Hugh David Hugh David Politzer Wilczek Frank Frank Wilczek Ciechanover Aaron Aaron Ciechanover Hershko Avram Avram Hershko Rose Irwin Irwin Rose Axel Richard Richard Axel Buck Linda B Linda B Buck Jelinek Elfriede Elfriede Jelinek Maathai Wangari Wangari Maathai Kydland Finn E Finn E Kydland Prescott Edward C Edward C Prescott2005 Glauber Roy J Roy J Glauber Hall John L John L Hall Hansch Theodor W Theodor W Hansch Chauvin Yves Yves Chauvin Grubbs Robert H Robert H Grubbs Schrock Richard R Richard R Schrock Marshall Barry Barry Marshall Warren Robin Robin Warren Pinter Harold Harold Pinter International Atomic Energy Agency ElBaradei Mohamed Mohamed ElBaradei Aumann Robert Robert Aumann Schelling Thomas Thomas Schelling2006 Mather John C John C Mather Smoot George George Smoot Kornberg Roger D Roger D Kornberg Fire Andrew Andrew Fire Mello Craig Craig Mello Pamuk Orhan Orhan Pamuk Yunus Muhammad Muhammad Yunus Grameen Bank Phelps Edmund Edmund Phelps2007 Fert Albert Albert Fert Grunberg Peter Peter Grunberg Ertl Gerhard Gerhard Ertl Capecchi Mario Mario Capecchi Evans Martin Martin Evans Smithies Oliver Oliver Smithies Lessing Doris Doris Lessing Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Gore Al Al Gore Hurwicz Leonid Leonid Hurwicz Maskin Eric Eric Maskin Myerson Roger Roger Myerson2008 Nambu Yoichiro Yoichiro Nambu Kobayashi Makoto Makoto Kobayashi Maskawa Toshihide Toshihide Maskawa Shimomura Osamu Osamu Shimomura Chalfie Martin Martin Chalfie Tsien Roger Y Roger Y Tsien zur Hausen Harald Harald zur Hausen Barre Sinoussi Francoise Francoise Barre Sinoussi Montagnier Luc Luc Montagnier Le Clezio J M G J M G Le Clezio Ahtisaari Martti Martti Ahtisaari Krugman Paul Paul Krugman2009 Kao Charles K Charles K Kao Boyle Willard S Willard S Boyle Smith George E George E Smith Ramakrishnan Venkatraman Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Steitz Thomas A Thomas A Steitz Yonath Ada Ada Yonath Blackburn Elizabeth Elizabeth Blackburn Greider Carol W Carol W Greider Szostak Jack W Jack W Szostak Muller Herta Herta Muller Obama Barack Barack Obama Ostrom Elinor Elinor Ostrom Williamson Oliver E Oliver E Williamson2010 Geim Andre Andre Geim Novoselov Konstantin Konstantin Novoselov Heck Richard Richard Heck Negishi Ei ichi Ei ichi Negishi Suzuki Akira Akira Suzuki Edwards Robert G Robert G Edwards Vargas Llosa Mario Mario Vargas Llosa Xiaobo Liu Liu Xiaobo F Diamond Peter A Peter A Diamond Mortensen Dale T Dale T Mortensen Pissarides Christopher A Christopher A Pissarides2011 Perlmutter Saul Saul Perlmutter Riess Adam G Adam G Riess Schmidt Brian P Brian P Schmidt Shechtman Dan Dan Shechtman Beutler Bruce Bruce Beutler Hoffmann Jules A Jules A Hoffmann Steinman Ralph M Ralph M Steinman Transtromer Tomas Tomas Transtromer Sirleaf Ellen Johnson Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Gbowee Leymah Leymah Gbowee Karman Tawakkul Tawakkul Karman Sargent Thomas J Thomas J Sargent Sims Christopher A Christopher A Sims2012 Haroche Serge Serge Haroche Wineland David J David J Wineland Lefkowitz Robert J Robert J Lefkowitz Kobilka Brian K Brian K Kobilka Yamanaka Shinya Shinya Yamanaka Yan Mo Mo Yan Eropa Uni Uni Eropa Roth Alvin E Alvin E Roth Shapley Lloyd S Lloyd S Shapley2013 Englert Francois Francois Englert Higgs Peter W Peter W Higgs Karplus Martin Martin Karplus Levitt Michael Michael Levitt Warshel Arieh Arieh Warshel Rothman James E James E Rothman Schekman Randy W Randy W Schekman Sudhof Thomas C Thomas C Sudhof Munro Alice Alice Munro Pelarangan Senjata Kimia Organisasi Organisasi Pelarangan Senjata Kimia Fama Eugene F Eugene F Fama Hansen Lars Peter Lars Peter Hansen Shiller Robert J Robert J Shiller2014 Akasaki Isamu Isamu Akasaki Amano Hiroshi Hiroshi Amano Nakamura Shuji Shuji Nakamura Betzig Eric Eric Betzig Hell Stefan Stefan Hell Moerner William William Moerner O Keefe John John O Keefe Moser May Britt May Britt Moser Moser Edvard Edvard Moser Modiano Patrick Patrick Modiano Satyarthi Kailash Kailash Satyarthi Yousafzai Malala Malala Yousafzai Tirole Jean Jean Tirole2015 Kajita Takaaki Takaaki Kajita McDonald Arthur B Arthur B McDonald Lindahl Tomas Tomas Lindahl Modrich Paul L Paul L Modrich Sancar Aziz Aziz Sancar Campbell William C William C Campbell Ōmura Satoshi Satoshi Ōmura Youyou Tu Tu Youyou Alexievich Svetlana Svetlana Alexievich Kuartet Dialog Nasional Tunisia Tunisia Kuartet Dialog Nasional Deaton Angus Angus Deaton2016 10 J Thouless David David J Thouless Haldane Duncan Duncan Haldane Kosterlitz John M John M Kosterlitz Sauvage Jean Pierre Jean Pierre Sauvage Stoddart Fraser Fraser Stoddart Feringa Ben Ben Feringa Ohsumi Yoshinori Yoshinori Ohsumi Dylan Bob Bob Dylan Santos Juan Manuel Juan Manuel Santos Hart Oliver Simon Oliver Simon Hart Holmstrom Bengt R Bengt R Holmstrom2017 Weiss Rainer Rainer Weiss Barish Barry Barry Barish Thorne Kip Kip Thorne Dubochet Jacques Jacques Dubochet Frank Joachim Joachim Frank Henderson Richard Richard Henderson Hall Jeffrey C Jeffrey C Hall Rosbash Michael Michael Rosbash Young Michael W Michael W Young Kazuo Ishiguro Kampanye Internasional untuk Peniadaan Senjata Nuklir Thaler Richard Richard Thaler2018 Ashkin Arthur Arthur Ashkin Mourou Gerard Gerard Mourou Strickland Donna Donna Strickland Arnold Frances H Frances H Arnold Smith George P George P Smith Winter Greg Greg Winter Allison James P James P Allison Honjo Tasuku Tasuku Honjo Tokarczuk Olga Olga Tokarczuk G Mukwege Denis Denis Mukwege Murad Nadia Nadia Murad Nordhaus William William Nordhaus Romer Paul Paul Romer2019 James PeeblesMichel MayorDidier Queloz John B GoodenoughM Stanley WhittinghamAkira Yoshino William Kaelin Jr Peter J RattclifeGregg L Semenza Peter Handke Abiy Ahmed Abhijit BanerjeeEsther DufloMichael Kremer2020 Penrose Roger Roger Penrose Ghez Andrea M Andrea M Ghez Genzel Reinhard Reinhard Genzel Charpentier Emmanuelle Emmanuelle Charpentier Doudna Jennifer Jennifer Doudna Alter Harvey J Harvey J Alter Houghton Michael Michael Houghton Rice Charles M Charles M Rice Gluck Louise Louise Gluck Pangan Dunia Program Program Pangan Dunia Milgrom Paul R Paul R Milgrom Wilson Robert B Robert B Wilson2021 Syukuro Manabe Klaus Hasselmann Giorgio Parisi Benjamin List David MacMillan David Julius Ardem Patapoutian Abdulrazak Gurnah Maria Ressa Dmitry Muratov TBATahun Fisika Kimia Fisiologi dan Kedokteran Sastra Perdamaian EkonomiCatatan SuntingA Pada 1938 dan 1939 pemerintah Jerman tidak mengizinkan tiga nominasi Nobel Jerman untuk mendapatkan Penghargaan Nobel mereka Ketiganya adalah Richard Kuhn penerima Nobel Kimia pada 1938 Adolf Butenandt penerima Nobel Kimia pada 1939 dan Gerhard Domagk penerima Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran pada 1939 Mereka kemudian meraih diploma dan medali Penghargaan Nobel tetapi tidak dengan uangnya 8 B Pada 1948 Penghargaan Nobel Perdamaian tidak diberikan Situs web Yayasan Nobel berkata bahwa penghargaan tersebut akan diberikan kepada Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi tetapi karena pembunuhannya pada tahun sebelumnya yayasan tersebut memutuskan untuk tidak memberikan penghargaan tersebut 11 C Pada 1958 Boris Pasternak kelahiran Rusia dibawah bujukan dari pemerintah Uni Soviet terpaksa menolak Nobel Sastra 8 D Pada 1964 Jean Paul Sartre menolak untuk diberikan Nobel Perdamaian karena ia secara konsisten menolak semua penghargaan resmi pada masa lampau 8 E Pada 1973 Le Dức Thọ menolak Nobel Perdamaian Alasannya adalah ia merasa tidak layak karena meskipun ia membantu menegosiasikan Persetujuan Damai Paris sebuah gencatan senjata dalam Perang Vietnam peristiwa tersebut tidaklah menjadi perjanjian damai yang sebenarnya 7 8 F Pada 2010 Liu Xiaobo tidak menerima Nobel Perdamaian karena ia dihukum 11 tahun penjara oleh otoritas Tiongkok 12 G Penerima Nobel Sastra 2018 baru diumumkan bersamaan dengan Penerima Nobel Sastra 2019 akibat skandal yang menerpa Akademi Swedia sebagai lembaga yang bertanggung jawab memilih pemenang Nobel Sastra 13 Lihat pula SuntingDaftar penerima Nobel menurut negara Daftar penerima Nobel menurut afiliasi universitasReferensi SuntingUmum All Nobel Laureates in Physics Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2008 11 25 All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2008 11 25 All Nobel Laureates in Medicine Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2008 11 25 All Nobel Laureates in Literature Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2008 11 25 All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2008 11 25 All Laureates in Economics Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2008 11 25 Spesifik Alfred Nobel The Man Behind the Nobel Prize Yayasan Nobel Diakses tanggal 2008 11 27 a b The Nobel Prize Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2008 11 27 The Nobel Prize Awarders Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2008 11 27 The Nobel Prize Amounts Nobel Foundation Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008 07 31 Diakses tanggal 2008 11 27 The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies Nobel Foundation Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008 08 22 Diakses tanggal 2008 11 27 List of All Nobel Laureates 1942 Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2008 11 30 a b Lundestad Geir 2001 03 15 The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 2000 Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2008 11 30 a b c d e f Nobel Prize Facts Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2015 10 11 Women Nobel Laureates Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 2011 10 11 2016 Nobel Prizes Prize Announcement Dates Nobelprize org Nobel Media AB 2014 Diakses tanggal 3 October 2016 Tonnesson Oyvind 1 Desember 1999 Mahatma Gandhi the Missing Laureates Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 3 Januari 2010 Later there have been speculations that the committee members could have had another deceased peace worker than Gandhi in mind when they declared that there was no suitable living candidate namely the Swedish UN envoy to Palestine Count Bernadotte who was murdered in September 1948 Today this can be ruled out Bernadotte had not been nominated in 1948 Thus it seems reasonable to assume that Gandhi would have been invited to Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize had he been alive one more year The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 Presentation Speech Nobel Foundation Diakses tanggal 10 Oktober 2011 Two Nobel literature prizes to be awarded after sexual assault scandal Diakses tanggal 17 Oktober 2019 Pranala luar Sunting nbsp Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Nobel laureates Situs web resmi Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Kerajaan Swedia Situs web resmi Yayasan Nobel Basis data unduhan Para Penerima Nobel Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Daftar penerima Nobel amp oldid 19759921
