Senna

Senna
Senna alexandrina
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:	Plantae
Upakerajaan:	Trachaeophyta
Divisi:	Magnoliophyta
Kelas:	Magnoliopsida
Subkelas:	Rosidae
Ordo:	Fabales
Famili:	Fabaceae
Subfamili:	Caesalpinioideae
Tribus:	Cassieae
Subtribus:	Cassiinae
Genus:	Senna Mill.
Spesies
Lihat teks
Sinonim
Adipera Raf. 1838 Cassia (Mill.) Benth. 1871 Cassia sect. Senna (Tournefort) DC. ex Colladon 1816 Cassia sect. Senna sensu Benth. 1865 Cassia subgen. Senna Benth. 1870 Cathartocarpus (partim) Chamaefistula (DC.) G. Don Chamaesenna (DC.) Raf. ex Pittier Desmodiocassia Britton & Rose Diallobus Earleocassia Britton Echinocassia Britton & Rose Gaumerocassia Britton Herpetica (DC.) Raf. Isandrina Leonocassia Britton Palmerocassia Britton Peiranisia Raf. Phragmocassia Britton & Rose Pseudocassia Britton & Rose Pterocassia Britton & Rose Sciacassia Britton Senna sensu Gaertn. 1791 Senna sensu Link 1831 Senna sensu Roxb. 1832 Sericeocassia Britton Tharpia Britton & Rose Vogelocassia Britton Xerocassia Britton & Rose

Senna atau genus pohon ketepeng adalah sebuah genus tumbuhan berbunga besar dalam suku kacang-kacangan (Fabaceae). Genus yang beragam ini tersebar di seluruh daerah tropis, dengan sejumlah kecil spesies di daerah beriklim sedang. Jumlah spesies anggotanya diperkirakan sekitar 260 hingga 350 spesies. Spesies tipe pada genus ini adalah Senna alexandrina. Sekitar 50 spesiesnya merupakan tanaman budidaya.

Namanya berasal dari kata dalam Bahasa Arab sanā, yang menggambarkan sebuah tumbuhan yang daun dan polongnya memiliki sifat katarsis dan pencahar.

Morfologi

Anggotanya berupa tumbuhan semak dan pohon. Daunnya menyirip dengan selebaran berpasangan yang berlawanan. Bunganya muncul dari ketiak daun dan memiliki lima kelopak bunga yang biasanya berwarna kuning, di dalamnya terdapat sepuluh benang sari yang lurus. Ukuran benang sarinya mungkin berbeda. Buahnya berupa polong yang mengandung beberapa biji.

Daftar spesies

• Senna acanthoclada (Griseb.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna acclinis (F.Muell.) Randell
• Senna aciphylla (Benth. ex A.Gray) Randell
• Senna aculeata (Pohl ex Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna acunae (Borhidi) A.Barreto & Yakovlev
• Senna acuparata H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna acuruensis (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna acutisepala (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna affinis (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna alata (L.) Roxb. – Ketepeng cina
• Senna alexandrina Mill.
• Senna andrieuxii (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna angulata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna angustisiliqua (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna ankaranensis Du Puy & R.Rabev.
• Senna anthoxantha (Capuron) Du Puy
• Senna aphylla (Cav.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna apiculata (M.Martens & Galeotti) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna appendiculata (Vogel) Wiersema
• Senna apsidoneura (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna araucarietorum H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna argentea (Kunth) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna arida (Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna aristeguietae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna armata (S.Watson) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna arnottiana (Hook.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna artemisioides (Gaudich. ex DC.) Randell
• Senna atomaria (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna aurantia (Ruiz & Pav. ex G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb.
• Senna aversiflora (Herb.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna aymara H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna baccarinii (Chiov.) Lock
• Senna bacillaris (L.f.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna barclayana (Sweet) Randell
• Senna barnebyana Lass.
• Senna barronfieldii (Colla) Hewson
• Senna bauhinioides (A.Gray) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna benitoensis (Britton & P.Wilson) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.
• Senna biglandularis A.O.Araujo & V.C.Souza
• Senna birostris (Dombey ex Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna bosseri Du Puy & R.Rabev.
• Senna bracteosa D.B.O.S.Cardoso & L.P.Queiroz
• Senna brongniartii (Gaudich.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna burkartiana (Villa) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna cajamarcae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna cana (Nees & Mart.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna candolleana (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna cardiosperma (F.Muell.) Randell
• Senna catingae (Harms) L.P.Queiroz
• Senna caudata (Standl.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna cearensis Afr.Fern.
• Senna centranthera H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna cernua (Balb.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna chapmanii (Isely) A.Barreto & Yakovlev
• Senna charlesiana (Symon) Randell
• Senna chloroclada (Harms) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna chrysocarpa (Desv.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna cladophylla (W.Fitzg.) Randell
• Senna clavigera (Domin) Randell
• Senna cobanensis (Britton) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna coimbrae M.Nee & Barneby
• Senna collicola H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna confinis (Greene) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna corifolia (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna cornigera H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna coronilloides (Benth.) Randell
• Senna corymbosa (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna costata (J.F.Bailey & C.T.White) Randell
• Senna covesii (A.Gray) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna crassiramea (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna crotalarioides (Kunth) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna cruckshanksii (Hook.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna cuatrecasasii H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna cumingii (Hook. & Arn.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna curvistyla (J.M.Black) Randell
• Senna cushina (J.F.Macbr.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna cuthbertsonii (F.Muell.) Randell
• Senna dardanoi Afr.Fern. & P.Bezerra
• Senna dariensis (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna davidsonii (V.Singh) V.Singh
• Senna demissa (Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna divaricata (Nees & Blume) Lock
• Senna domingensis (Spreng.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna durangensis (Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna ellisiae (Brenan) Lock
• Senna ferraria (Symon) Randell
• Senna flexuosa (Randell) Randell
• Senna foetidissima (Ruiz & Pav. ex G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna formosa H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna fruticosa (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna galeottiana (M.Martens) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna gardneri (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna garrettiana (Craib) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna gaudichaudii (Hook. & Arn.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna georgica H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna glanduligera (H.St.John) A.C.Sm.
• Senna glaucifolia (Randell) Randell
• Senna glutinosa (DC.) Randell
• Senna goniodes (A.Cunn. ex Benth.) Randell
• Senna gossweileri (Baker f.) Lock
• Senna guatemalensis (Donn.Sm.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna gundlachii (Urb.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna hamersleyensis (Symon) Randell
• Senna harleyi H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna haughtii (J.F.Macbr.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna hayesiana (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna hebecarpa (Fernald) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna heptanthera Randell
• Senna herzogii (Harms) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna hilariana (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna holosericea (Fresen.) Greuter
• Senna holwayana (Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna hookeriana Batke
• Senna huancabambae (Harms) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna huidobriana (Phil.) Zoellner & San Martin
• Senna huilana (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna humifusa (Brenan) Lock
• Senna incarnata (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna insularis (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna intermedia (B.D.Sharma, Vivek. & Rathakr.) V.Singh
• Senna italica Mill.
• Senna itatiaiae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna koelziana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna kurtzii (Harms) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna lactea (Vatke) Du Puy
• Senna lasseigniana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna latifolia (G.Mey.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna leandrii (Ghesq.) Du Puy
• Senna lechriosperma H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna leiophylla (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna leptoclada (Benth.) Randell
• Senna ligustrina (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby – privet senna
• Senna lindheimeriana (Scheele) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna longiglandulosa (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna longiracemosa (Vatke) Lock
• Senna loretensis (Killip) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna lourteigiana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna macranthera (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna macrophylla (Kunth) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna magnifolia (F.Muell.) Randell
• Senna malaspinae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna mandonii (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna manicula (Symon) Randell
• Senna marilandica (L.) Link
• Senna martiana (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna mensicola (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna meridionalis (R.Vig.) Du Puy
• Senna mexicana (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna mollissima (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna monilifera H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna monozyx (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna montana (B.Heyne ex Roth) V.Singh
• Senna morongii (Britton) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna mucronifera (Mart. ex Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna multifoliolata (Paul G.Wilson) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna multijuga (Rich.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna mutisiana (Kunth) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna nana (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna neglecta (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna nicaraguensis (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna nitida (Rich.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna notabilis (F.Muell.) Randell
• Senna nudicaulis (Burkart) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna obliqua (G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna oblongifolia (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna occidentalis (L.) Link – Kasingsat
• Senna oligoclada (F.Muell.) Randell
• Senna orcuttii (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna organensis (Glaz. ex Harms) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna oxyphylla (Kunth) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna pachyrrhiza (L.Bravo) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna pallida (Vahl) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna papillosa (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna paposana (Phil.) Zoellner & San Martin
• Senna paradictyon (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna paraensis (Ducke) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna pendula (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna pentagonia (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna peralteana (Kunth) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna perrieri (R.Vig.) Du Puy
• Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock
• Senna phlebadenia H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna phyllodinea (R.Br.) Symon
• Senna pilifera (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna pilocarina (Symon) Randell
• Senna pilosior (B.L.Rob.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna pinheiroi H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna pistaciifolia (Kunth) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna planitiicola (Domin) Randell
• Senna pleurocarpa (F.Muell.) Randell
• Senna pneumatica H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna podocarpa (Guill. & Perr.) Lock
• Senna polyantha (Collad.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna polyphylla (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna praeterita H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna procumbens Randell
• Senna pumilio (A.Gray) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna punoensis Lass.
• Senna purpusii (Brandegee) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna quinquangulata (Rich.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna racemosa (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna reniformis (G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna reticulata (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna rigidicaulis (Burkart ex L.Bravo) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna ripleyana (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna rizzinii H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna robiniifolia (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna roemeriana (Scheele) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna rostrata (Mart.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna rugosa (G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna ruiziana (G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna rupununiensis H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna ruspolii (Chiov.) Lock
• Senna saeri (Pittier) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna sandwithiana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna santanderensis (Britton & Killip) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna scabriuscula (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna scandens (G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby – Kicik-kicik
• Senna sericea (Symon) Albr. & Symon
• Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby – Johar
• Senna silvestris (Vell.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna singueana (Delile) Lock
• Senna skinneri (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna smithiana (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna sophera (L.) Roxb.
• Senna sophora Roxb.
• Senna sousana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna spinescens (Hoffmanns. ex Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna spiniflora (Burkart) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna spinigera (Rizzini) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna splendida (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna stenophylla (Britton) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna stipulacea (Aiton) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna stowardii (S.Moore) Randell
• Senna stricta (Randell) Randell
• Senna suarezensis (Capuron) Du Puy
• Senna subtrijuga H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna subulata (Griseb.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna sulfurea (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna surattensis (Burm.f.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna symonii (Randell) Randell
• Senna talpana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna tapajozensis (Ducke) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna tenuifolia (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna timoriensis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna tocotana (Rose ex Britton & Killip) Silverst.
• Senna tonduzii (Standl.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna tora (L.) Roxb. – Ketepeng kecil
• Senna trachypus (Mart. ex Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna trianae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna trolliiflora H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna tropica (Vell.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna truncata (Brenan) Lock
• Senna tuhovalyana (Aké Assi) Lock
• Senna uncata H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna undulata (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna uniflora (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna unijuga (Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna urmenetae (Phil.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna vargasii (Schery) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna velutina (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna venusta (F.Muell.) Randell
• Senna versicolor (Meyen ex Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna viarum (Little) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna viciifolia (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna viguierella (Ghesq.) Du Puy
• Senna villosa (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna viminea (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna weddelliana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna williamsii (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna wislizeni (A.Gray) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
• Senna wurdackii H.S.Irwin & Barneby

Kegunaan

Beberapa spesies Senna digunakan sebagai tanaman hias dalam lanskap.

Spesies Senna obtusifolia digunakan sebagai bahan pengental. Daun dan bunga Senna siamea digunakan dalam beberapa masakan di Asia Tenggara, seperti masakan Thailand, Myanmar, dan Laos. Di Thailand dikenal sebagai khi-lek yang digunakan dalam pembuatan kari.

Senna alexandrina telah digunakan sebagai pencahar, baik dalam bentuk polongnya atau sebagai teh herbal yang terbuat dari daunnya. Senna dianggap sebagai stimulan usus pada Plexus Auerbach usus besar untuk menginduksi kontraksi peristaltik dan mengurangi penyerapan air dari dalam usus besar, efek yang akan meredakan sembelit. Sirup pencahar dari buah ara mendapatkan sebagian besar efeknya ketika berinteraksi dengan senna. Senna atau sennosida (Senna glikosida) yang diekstraksi sendiri, atau dalam kombinasi dengan sorbitol atau laktulosa, telah dievaluasi dalam tinjauan sistematis dan ulasan Cochrane untuk pengobatan sembelit pada anak-anak dan orang tua. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bukti yang terbatas untuk kemanjuran, sedangkan yang lain menunjukkan desain penelitian terlalu lemah untuk memastikan senna memiliki utilitas sebagai pencahar.

Referensi

1. Irwin HS, Barneby RC (1982). The American Cassiinae: A synoptical revision of Leguminosae tribe Cassieae subtribe Casiinae in the New World, Part 1 (PDF). Bronx, N.Y.: New York Botanical Garden. OCLC 8553234. b1010840. 
2. The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG) (2017). "A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3 . 
3. Marazzi, B.; et al. (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast DNA regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries". American Journal of Botany. 93 (2): 288–303. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.2.288. PMID 21646190.  Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
4. Randell, B. R. and B. A. Barlow. 1998. Senna. pp 89-138. In: A. S. George (executive editor). Flora of Australia volume 12. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia.
5. Huxley, A., et al. (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
6. B.R.Randell, B.R. & Barlow, B.A. (2017) "Senna". In: Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
7. Senna. Flora of China.
8. "Senna Mill". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2019. 
9. "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Senna". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Diakses tanggal 6 January 2017. 
10. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "GRIN species records of Senna". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Diakses tanggal 6 January 2017. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
11. Senna. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
12. . Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-07-02. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10. 
13. "Senna". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) online database. 
14. "Senna". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) online database. 
15. Teangpook C.; et al. (2011). "Production and nutrition of Khi Lek (Siamese cassia) curry from central Thailand" (PDF). Kasetsart. J. (Nat. Sci.). 45: 510–20. 
16. Leung, L; Riutta, T; Kotecha, J; Rosser, W (2011). "Chronic constipation: An evidence-based review". The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 24 (4): 436–51. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2011.04.100272 . PMID 21737769. 
17. Lockhart, Bill; Schriever, Beau. "California Fig Syrup: The Company and Its Bottles" (PDF). Society for Historical Archaeology. Diakses tanggal 2022-01-01. 
18. Mueller-Lissner, S. A.; Wald, A (2010). "Constipation in adults". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2010: 0413. PMC 3217654 . PMID 21418672. 
19. Wald, A (2016). "Constipation: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment". JAMA. 315 (2): 185–91. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.16994. PMID 26757467. 
20. Izzy, M; Malieckal, A; Little, E; Anand, S (2016). "Review of efficacy and safety of laxatives use in geriatrics". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 7 (2): 334–342. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.334. PMC 4848256 . PMID 27158549. 
21. CADTH Rapid Response Reports (2014). "Treatments for Constipation: A Review of Systematic Reviews". Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. CADTH Rapid Response Reports. PMID 25535635. 
22. Gordon, M; MacDonald, J. K.; Parker, C. E.; Akobeng, A. K.; Thomas, A. G. (2016). "Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (8): CD009118. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009118.pub3. PMC 6513425 . PMID 27531591.