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Program Apollo adalah serangkaian misi luar angkasa berawak yang dilaksanakan oleh Amerika Serikat NASA menggunakan pesawat antariksa Apollo dan roket Saturn dilaksanakan selama tahun 1961 1975 Program ini didedikasikan untuk cita cita dari perkataan terkenal Presiden Amerika Serikat John F Kennedy mendaratkan seorang manusia di Bulan dan mengembalikannya dengan selamat ke Bumi selama dekade 1960 an Cita cita ini dicapai oleh misi Apollo 11 pada Juli 1969 Lencana dari Program ApolloProgram diteruskan hingga awal 1970 an untuk melakukan eksplorasi ilmiah di Bulan dengan total enam pendaratan sukses Hingga 2006 tidak ada lagi misi luar angkasa berawak yang melebihi orbit bumi rendah Program Skylab yang dibuat kemudian dan Proyek Percobaan Apollo Soyuz menggunakan perlengkapan yang awalnya diproduksi untuk Apollo dan sering dianggap sebagai bagian dari program Apollo Di luar keberhasilan tersebut terdapat beberapa kegagalan besar salah satu di antaranya mengakibatkan tewasnya tiga astronaut Virgil Grissom Ed White dan Roger Chaffee dalam peristiwa kebakaran landasan peluncuran Apollo 1 Ada juga ledakan pada misi Apollo 13 yang hampir menewaskan tiga astronautnya Pelepasan gas beracun selama masuk kembali ke atmosfer Bumi dalam pesawat Proyek Percobaan Apollo Soyuz hampir juga menewaskan tiga astronaut lagi Program Apollo dinamai berdasarkan dewa matahari Yunani kuno Latar belakang Sunting nbsp Tempat pendaratan pesawat ruang angkasa Apollo ditandai dengan segitiga hijau dan pesawat ruang angkasa Luna merah dan Surveyor kuning Program Apollo semula disusun terlambat pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Dwight D Eisenhower sebagai program lanjutan dari Program Mercury dalam melakukan misi mengorbit Bumi berawak yang lebih maju Faktanya Apollo menjadi program ketiga setelah Program Gemini Program Apollo secara dramatis diorientasikan kembali menjadi sebuah cita cita agresif pendaratan manusia di Bulan oleh Presiden Kennedy dengan pengumumannya di sesi gabungan istimewa sidang Kongres AS pada 25 Mei 1961 Saya percaya bahwa bangsa ini sebaiknya melibatkan diri dalam mencapai cita cita sebelum dasawarsa ini berakhir mendaratkan seorang manusia di Bulan dan mengembalikannya dengan selamat ke Bumi Tak ada satu pun proyek luar angkasa pada periode ini yang akan lebih mengesankan bagi umat manusia atau lebih penting lagi pada eksplorasi luar angkasa jangka panjang dan tak ada satu pun yang akan begitu sulit atau mahal untuk menyelesaikan Program ini sedangReferensi SuntingBeschloss Michael R 1997 Kennedy and the Decision to Go to the Moon Dalam Launius Roger D McCurdy Howard E Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership Champaign IL University of Illinois Press ISBN 0 252 06632 4 LCCN 96 51213 Bilstein Roger E 1996 Originally published 1980 Stages to Saturn A Technological History of the Apollo Saturn Launch Vehicles The NASA History Series Foreword by William R Lucas Washington D C NASA OCLC 36332191 NASA SP 4206 Diakses tanggal August 1 2013 Brooks Courtney G Grimwood James M Swenson Loyd S Jr 1979 Chariots for Apollo A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft The NASA History Series Foreword by Samuel C Phillips Washington D C Scientific and Technical Information Branch NASA ISBN 978 0 486 46756 6 LCCN 79 1042 OCLC 4664449 NASA SP 4205 Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015 10 20 Diakses tanggal August 1 2013 Burrows William E 1999 This New Ocean The Story of the First Space Age Modern Library ISBN 0 375 75485 7 OCLC 42136309 Chaikin Andrew 1994 A Man on the Moon New York Penguin Books ISBN 0 14 027201 1 OCLC 38918860 Chaikin interviewed all the surviving astronauts and others who worked with the program Congress House of Representatives Committee on Science and Astronautics April 13 1961 Discussion of Soviet Man in space Shot Hearing Washington D C 87th Congress first session LCCN 61061306 OCLC 4052829 Pemeliharaan CS1 Banyak nama authors list link Congress House of Representatives Committee on Science and Astronautics 1973 1974 NASA Authorization Hearings Hearing on H R 4567 Washington D C 93rd Congress first session OCLC 23229007 Pemeliharaan CS1 Banyak nama authors list link Dawson Virginia P Bowles Mark D 2004 Taming Liquid Hydrogen The Centaur Upper Stage Rocket 1958 2002 PDF The NASA History Series NASA OCLC 51518552 NASA SP 2400 4320 Diakses tanggal September 12 2012 Ertel Ivan D Newkirk Roland W et al 1978 The Apollo Spacecraft A Chronology PDF IV Foreword by Kenneth S Kleinknecht Washington D C Scientific and Technical Information Office NASA LCCN 69 60008 OCLC 23818 NASA SP 4009 Diakses tanggal August 1 2013 Gray Mike 1994 First published W W Norton amp Company 1992 Angle of Attack Harrison Storms and the Race to the Moon New York Penguin Books ISBN 0 14 023280 X OCLC 30520885 Hansen James R 1999 Enchanted Rendezvous John C Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous Concept PDF Monographs in Aerospace History Number 4 Washington D C NASA OCLC 69343822 Diakses tanggal May 3 2012 Heppenheimer T A 1999 The Space Shuttle Decision NASA s Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle The NASA History Series Washington D C NASA OCLC 40305626 NASA SP 4221 Diakses tanggal August 1 2013 Johnson Stephen B 2002 The Secret of Apollo Systems Management in American and European Space Programs New series in NASA history Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0 8018 6898 X LCCN 2001005688 OCLC 48003131 Launius Roger D McCurdy Howard E ed 1997 Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership Champaign IL University of Illinois Press ISBN 0 252 06632 4 LCCN 96 51213 Launius Roger D July 2004 Originally published July 1994 Apollo A Retrospective Analysis Monographs in Aerospace History Number 3 edisi ke Reprint Washington D C NASA Diakses tanggal August 1 2013 Murray Charles Cox Catherine Bly 1989 Apollo The Race to the Moon New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 671 61101 1 LCCN 89006333 OCLC 19589707 Orloff Richard W September 2004 First published 2000 Apollo by the Numbers A Statistical Reference NASA History Division Office of Policy and Plans The NASA History Series Washington D C NASA ISBN 0 16 050631 X LCCN 00 061677 NASA SP 2000 4029 Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007 08 23 Diakses tanggal August 1 2013 Papike James J Ryder Graham Shearer Charles K January 1998 Planetary Materials Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Washington D C Mineralogical Society of America 36 1 5 001 5 234 ISBN 0 939950 46 4 ISSN 0275 0279 LCCN 99474392 Parameter chapter akan diabaikan bantuan Sidey Hugh 1963 John F Kennedy President New York Atheneum LCCN 63 7800 Diakses tanggal August 1 2013 Townsend Neil A March 1973 Apollo Experience Report Launch Escape Propulsion Subsystem PDF Washington D C NASA NASA TN D 7083 diakses tanggal September 12 2012 Wilford John Noble 1969 We Reach the Moon The New York Times Story of Man s Greatest Adventure New York Bantam Paperbacks OCLC 29123 Apollo Program Summary Report PDF 46 3 MB NASA Report JSC 09423 April 1975 Collins Michael 2001 Originally published 1974 New York Farrar Straus and Giroux Carrying the Fire An Astronaut s Journeys Foreword by Charles Lindbergh New York Cooper Square Press ISBN 978 0 8154 1028 7 LCCN 2001017080 Astronaut Mike Collins autobiography of his experiences as an astronaut including his flight aboard Apollo 11 Cooper Henry S F Jr 1995 Originally published 1972 New York Dial Press Thirteen The Apollo Flight That Failed Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0 8018 5097 5 LCCN 94039726 OCLC 31375285 Although this book focuses on Apollo 13 it provides a wealth of background information on Apollo technology and procedures French Francis Burgess Colin 2007 In the Shadow of the Moon A Challenging Journey to Tranquility 1965 1969 Foreword by Walter Cunningham Lincoln University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978 0 8032 1128 5 LCCN 2006103047 OCLC 182559769 History of the Apollo program from Apollos 1 11 including many interviews with the Apollo astronauts Kranz Gene 2000 Failure is Not an Option Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 7432 0079 9 LCCN 00027720 OCLC 43590801 Factual from the standpoint of a flight controller during the Mercury Gemini and Apollo space programs Lovell Jim Kluger Jeffrey 2000 Previously published 1994 as Lost Moon Apollo 13 Boston Houghton Mifflin Company ISBN 0 618 05665 3 LCCN 99089647 OCLC 43118301 Details the flight of Apollo 13 Pellegrino Charles R Stoff Joshua 1999 Chariots for Apollo The Untold Story Behind the Race to the Moon New York Avon Books ISBN 0 380 80261 9 OCLC 41579174 Tells Grumman s story of building the Lunar Modules Scott David Leonov Alexei Toomey Christine 2004 Two Sides of the Moon Our Story of the Cold War Space Race Foreword by Neil Armstrong introduction by Tom Hanks edisi ke 1st U S New York Thomas Dunne Books ISBN 0 312 30865 5 LCCN 2004059381 OCLC 56587777 Seamans Robert C Jr 2005 Project Apollo The Tough Decisions Monographs in Aerospace History Number 37 Washington D C NASA ISBN 0 16 074954 9 LCCN 2005003682 OCLC 64271009 NASA SP 4537 History of the manned space program from September 1 1960 to January 5 1968 Slayton Donald K Cassutt Michael 1995 Deke An Autobiography New York St Martin s Press ISBN 0 312 85918 X Account of Deke Slayton s life as an astronaut and of his work as chief of the astronaut office including selection of Apollo crews The Apollo Spacecraft A Chronology Volume 1 PDF 13 2 MB From origin to November 7 1962 The Apollo Spacecraft A Chronology Volume 2 PDF 13 4 MB November 8 1962 September 30 1964 The Apollo Spacecraft A Chronology Volume 3 PDF 57 7 MB October 1 1964 January 20 1966 The Apollo Spacecraft A Chronology Volume 4 PDF 24 2 MB January 21 1966 July 13 1974 Wilhelms Don E 1993 To a Rocky Moon A Geologist s History of Lunar Exploration Tucson University of Arizona Press ISBN 0 8165 1065 2 LCCN 92033228 OCLC 26720457 The history of lunar exploration from a geologist s point of view Pranala luar Sunting nbsp Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Apollo missions Apollo program historyDiarsipkan 2012 01 28 di Wayback Machine at NASA s Human Space Flight HSF website The Apollo Program Diarsipkan 2008 07 24 di Wayback Machine at the NASA History Program Office Apollo Spinoffs Diarsipkan 2012 04 04 di Wayback Machine at the NASA Spinoff website The Apollo Program at the National Air and Space Museum Apollo 35th Anniversary Interactive Feature Diarsipkan 2011 11 27 di Wayback Machine at NASA in Flash Lunar Mission Timeline at the Lunar and Planetary InstituteNASA reports Apollo Program Summary Report PDF NASA JSC 09423 April 1975 NASA History Series Publications Project Apollo Drawings and Technical Diagrams at the NASA History Program Office The Apollo Lunar Surface Journal edited by Eric M Jones and Ken Glover The Apollo Flight Journal by W David Woods et al Multimedia Apollo Image Archive at Arizona State University Apollo Gallery Diarsipkan 2012 01 06 di Wayback Machine at NASA s Human Space Flight includes videos animations Audio recording and transcript of President John F Kennedy NASA administrator James Webb et al discussing the Apollo agenda White House Cabinet Room November 21 1962 The Project Apollo Archive by Kipp Teague is a large repository of Apollo images videos and audio recordings Apollo Image Atlas almost 25 000 lunar images Lunar and Planetary Institute Film pendek Time of Apollo 1975 tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive selebihnya nbsp Artikel bertopik astronomi ini adalah sebuah rintisan Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya lbs Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Program Apollo amp oldid 23429851