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Kubah merupakan salah satu unsur arsitektur yang selalu digunakan Ia berbentuk seperti separuh bola atau seperti kerucut yang permukaannya melengkung keluar Terdapat juga bentuk kubah piring karena puncak yang rendah dan dasar yang besar dan kubah bawang karena hampir menyerupai bentuk bawang Kubah Katedral Firenze salah satu kubah terbesar di dunia Kubah gereja ini menjadi salah satu kubah terpenting dalam sejarah panjang Gereja Katolik dan merupakan penanda awal kelahiran Arsitektur Renaisans Biasanya kubah akan diletakkan di tempat tertinggi di atas bangunan sebagai atap Ia diletakkan di atas rangka bangunan petak dengan menggunakan singgah kubah pendentive Kubah dapat dianggap seperti suatu gerbang yang diputarkan pada rangka penyangganya Ini bermakna kubah mempunyai kekuatan struktur yang besar Sama seperti jembatan gerbang tertekan kubah dapat dibuat dari batu bata dan beton saja bergantung kepada daya tekanan dan geseran Namun kubah modern biasanya dibuat menggunakan aloi aluminium keluli atau konkret diperkuat sebagai rangka dan dipadatkan dengan kepingan alumunium tembaga polikarbonat ataupun cermin sesuai keperluan Jika dilihat dari dalam kubah yang berbentuk hemisfer kelihatan lebih menarik tetapi perlu lebih tinggi untuk kelihatan menarik dari luar Jadi sebagian kubah contohnya Basilika Santo Petrus dibangun dari dua kubah sedangkan Katedral Santo Paulus dibangun dari tiga kubah Banyak masjid di dunia kini juga mempunyai kubah termasuk di Indonesia Tradisi ini berasal dari daerah Anatolia Beberapa stadion tertutup hari ini juga mempunyai kubah terutama di negara yang mempunyai iklim empat musim Stadion pertama seperti ini ialah Astrodome di Houston Texas AS Contoh ternama lain ialah SkyDome di Toronto Ontario Kanada stadion kubah pertama dengan atap yang dapat dibuka Daftar isi 1 Sejarah 1 1 Kubah awal 1 2 Abad Pertengahan dan Renaissance 1 3 Zaman modern 2 Kubah terkenal 3 Galeri 4 Lihat pula 5 ReferensiSejarah SuntingKubah awal Sunting Kubah terawal kemungkinan besar merupakan atap pondok primitif yang dibuat dari dahan kayu sebagai rangka dan dipadatkan dengan selut dan lumpur Ataupun menggunakan batu sebagai sangga Contoh kubah seperti ini dapat dijumpai di dalam kubur Mikene di Yunani dan dalam arsitektur Sisilia di Italia Kubah kubah tersebut hanya digunakan untuk bangunan bangunan yang kecil Abad Pertengahan dan Renaissance Sunting Pada Abad Pertengahan semasa pemerintahan kerajaan Romawi singgah kubah telah diciptakan untuk memungkinkan struktur kubah yang bulat diletakkan di atas bangunan berbentuk segi empat Ini menjadikan penggunaan kubah semakin meluas Kemudian pada zaman Renaisans orang orang Eropa telah memperkenalkan ide tanglung di puncak kubah dan juga meletakkan kubah di atas suatu struktur bulat seperti silinder supaya kelihatan lebih tinggi Zaman modern Sunting Sedangkan pada zaman modern bentuk kubah geodesi telah diperkenalkan Kubah ini berbentuk hemisfer dan menggunakan kekisi sebagai rangka menjadikannya lebih ringan Perkembangan teknologi juga memungkinkan penggunaan cermin dan plastik sebagai padatan Kubah terkenal SuntingDaftar kubah terkenal menurut tahun siapnya 27 SM Pantheon Roma Italia 537 Hagia Sophia Konstantinopel Turki 691 Kubah Batu Yerusalem 1436 Katedral Firenze Firenze Italia 1502 Tempietto Roma Italia 1593 Basilika Santo Petrus Vatikan 1616 Masjid Biru Istanbul Turki 1653 Taj Mahal Agra India 1708 Les Invalides Paris Prancis 1708 Katedral Santo Paulus London Inggris 1749 Radcliffe Camera Oxford Inggris 1850 Capitol Amerika Serikat Washington DC AS 2000 Millennium Dome London Inggris Galeri Sunting Kubah Basilika Santo Petrus Vatikan Kubah Batu Yerusalem Taj Mahal di Agra India Radcliffe Camera Oxford Inggris Capitol Amerika Serikat Les Invalides Paris Prancis Millennium Dome London Inggris Hagia Sophia TurkiLihat pula SuntingKubah geodesi CupolaReferensi SuntingWilliam C Allen 2001 Senate Document 106 29 History of the United States Capitol A Chronicle of Design Construction and Politics U S Government Printing Office Ambrose James Tripeny Patrick 2011 Building Structures edisi ke illustrated John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 470 54260 6 Arce Ignacio 2006 Umayyad Arches Vaults amp Domes Merging and Re creation Contributions to Early Islamic Construction History conference paper PDF Second International Congress on Construction History Queens College Cambridge University 29 03 02 04 2006 hlm 195 220 Arun G 2006 Behaviour of Masonry Vaults and Domes Geometrical Considerations PDF dalam Lourenco P B Roca P Modena C Agrawal S Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions New Delhi hlm 299 306 diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2020 10 23 diakses tanggal October 6 2018 Ashkan Maryam Ahmad Yahaya November 2009 Persian Domes History Morphology and Typologies Archnet IJAR International Journal of Architectural Research 3 3 98 115 Bagliani Stefano May 2009 The Architecture and Mechanics of Elliptical Domes PDF Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History Cottbus Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2013 10 16 Bardill Jonathan 2008 Chapter II 7 1 Building Materials and Techniques Dalam Jeffreys Elizabeth Haldon John Cormack Robin The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 925246 6 Barnish S J B 2007 The Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century an Ethnographic Perspective edisi ke Illustrated Woodbridge The Boydell Press ISBN 978 1 84383 074 0 Baumann Dorothea Haggh Barbara May 1990 Musical Acoustics in the Middle Ages Early Music 18 2 199 210 doi 10 1093 em xviii 2 199 Betts Richard J March 1993 Structural Innovation and Structural Design in Renaissance Architecture Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 52 1 5 25 doi 10 2307 990755 JSTOR 990755 Blockley David 2014 Structural Engineering A Very Short Introduction Oxford UK Oxford University Press hlm 144 ISBN 978 0 19 165208 0 Bloom Jonathan M Blair Sheila S ed 2009 Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art amp Architecture Three Volume Set Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 530991 1 Born Wolfgang April 1944 The Introduction of the Bulbous Dome into Gothic Architecture and its Subsequent Development Speculum 19 2 208 221 doi 10 2307 2849071 JSTOR 2849071 Bradshaw Richard Campbell David Gargari Mousa Mirmiran Amir Tripeny Patrick June 1 2002 Special Structures Past Present and Future PDF Journal of Structural Engineering 128 6 691 709 doi 10 1061 ASCE 0733 9445 2002 128 6 691 Bullough Donald A 1991 Carolingian Renewal Sources and Heritage Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0 7190 3354 4 Burckhardt Jacob 1987 Murray Peter ed The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance Translated by James Palmes edisi ke illustrated reprint Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 08049 9 The Technical Educator an Encyclopaedia of Technical Education Vol 2 Cassell Petter and Galpin 1872 Charlier Claude 1988 After a While Nothing Seems Strange in a Stadium with a Lid Smithsonian diakses tanggal February 28 2013 Chen W F Lui E M 2005 Handbook of Structural Engineering edisi ke 2 illustrated revised Boca Raton Florida CRC Press hlm 1768 ISBN 978 1 420 03993 1 Ching Francis D K 2011 A Visual Dictionary of Architecture edisi ke 2nd Hoboken New Jersey John Wiley amp Sons hlm 336 ISBN 978 1 118 16049 7 Cipriani Barbara Lau Wanda W 2006 Construction Techniques in Medieval Cairo the Domes of Mamluk Mausolea 1250 A D 1517 A D PDF Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History Cambridge UK hlm 695 716 Como Mario 2013 Statics of Historic Masonry Constructions Springer ISBN 978 3 642 30131 5 Crandall David P 2000 The Place of Stunted Ironwood Trees A Year in the Lives of the Cattle herding Himba of Namibia New York NY Continuum International Publishing Group Inc ISBN 978 0 82641 270 6 Creswell K A C January 1915 Persian Domes before 1400 A D The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 26 142 146 155 JSTOR 859853 Darling Janina K 2004 Architecture of Greece Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 313 32152 8 Denny Mark 2010 Super Structures The Science of Bridges Buildings Dams and Other Feats of Engineering Baltimore Maryland Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 9436 7 Dien Albert E 2007 Six Dynasties Civilization edisi ke Illustrated Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 07404 8 Dimcic Milos 2011 Structural Optimization of Grid Shells Based on Genetic Algorithms Forschungsbericht 32 PDF Stuttgart Institut fur Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen ISBN 978 3 922302 32 2 Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2016 03 31 Diakses tanggal 2019 08 01 Dodge Hazel 1984 Building Materials and Techniques in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Hellenistic Period to the Fourth Century AD edisi ke PhD Thesis Newcastle University hdl 10443 868 Dror Ben Yosef 2011 Area F Soundings in the Fortifications Dalam Zertal Adam El Ahwat A Fortified Site from the Early Iron Age Near Nahal Iron Israel Excavations 1993 2000 BRILL hlm 162 173 ISBN 978 9 004 17645 4 Dumser Elisha Ann 2010 Dome Dalam Gagarin Michael Fantham Elaine The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 1 New York NY Oxford University Press Inc hlm 436 438 ISBN 978 0 195 17072 6 Earls Michael W 1971 The Development of Structural Form in Franconian Rococo Dalam Malo Paul Essays to D Kenneth Sargent Syracuse New York The School of Architecture Syracuse University hlm 127 139 Escrig F Cobreros A Valcarcel J P 1997 The Elliptical Dome A survey of constructive techniques to stabilize a sopisticated structure PDF Transactions on the Built Environment 26 355 364 Fernandez Santiago Huerta Hernandez Ros Ricardo Aroca 1989 Masonry Domes A Study on Proportion and Similarity PDF 10 Years of Progress on Shell and Spatial Structures 11 15 September 1989 1 Diakses tanggal April 18 2014 Fleming John Honour Hugh Pevsner Nikolaus ed 1991 Dictionary of Architecture edisi ke 4th Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 14 051241 0 Fletcher Sir Banister 1996 Dan Cruickshank ed Sir Banister Fletcher s A History of Architecture edisi ke illustrated reprint 20th revised Architectural Press ISBN 978 0 7506 2267 7 Frankl Paul Crossley Paul 2000 Gothic Architecture edisi ke illustrated revised Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 08799 4 Freely John Cakmak Ahmet S 2004 Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul New York NY Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 77257 0 Freely John 2011 A History of Ottoman Architecture WIT Press ISBN 978 1 84564 506 9 Friedman Noemi Farkas Gyorgy 2011 Roof Structures in Motion On Retractable and Deployable Roof Structures Enabling Quick Construction or Adaptation to External Excitations PDF Concrete Structures hlm 41 50 Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2013 05 14 Diakses tanggal 2019 08 01 Fuentes P Huerta S 2010 Islamic Domes of Crossed arches Origin Geometry and Structural Behavior Dalam Chen Baochun Wei Jiangang ARCH 10 6th International Conference on Arch Bridges October 11 13 2010 PDF Fuzhou Fujian China hlm 346 353 ISBN 978 953 7621 10 0 Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2014 04 27 Diakses tanggal 2015 03 13 Fusco Annarosa Cerutti Villanni Marcello 2003 Pietro da Cortona s Domes between New Experimentations and Construction Knowledge Dalam Huerta S Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History Madrid 20th 24th January 2003 PDF Madrid I Juan de Herrera hlm 579 591 ISBN 978 84 9728 070 9 The history of galvanotechnology in Russia Russian diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012 03 05 Gayle Margot Gayle Carol 1998 Cast iron architecture in America the significance of James Bogardus edisi ke illustrated W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 73015 9 Giustina Irene 2003 On the art and the culture of domes Construction in Milan and Lombardy in the late sixteenth and in the first half of the seventeenth century PDF Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History Madrid Spain Sociedad Espanola de Historia de la Construccion hlm 1033 1042 Grabar Oleg December 1963 The Islamic Dome Some Considerations Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 22 4 191 198 doi 10 2307 988190 JSTOR 988190 Grabar Oleg March 1990 From Dome of Heaven to Pleasure Dome Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 49 1 15 21 doi 10 2307 990496 JSTOR 990496 Grupico Theresa 2011 The Dome in Christian and Islamic Sacred Architecture PDF The Forum on Public Policy 2011 3 14 Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2014 11 29 Diakses tanggal November 16 2014 Gye D H 1988 Arches and Domes in Iranian Islamic Buildings An Engineer s Perspective Iran 26 129 144 doi 10 2307 4299807 JSTOR 4299807 Hamilton George Heard 1983 The Art and Architecture of Russia edisi ke illustrated Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 05327 2 Hassan Ahmad Sanusi Mazloomi Mehrdad Omer Spahic 2010 Sectional Analysis of Pendentive Dome Mosques During Ottoman Era PDF Canadian Social Science 6 5 124 136 Diakses tanggal February 22 2015 Hassan Ahmad Sanusi Mazloomi Mehrdad December 2010 The Importance of Plan Unit Design with Reference to Pedentive Dome Mosque Architecture in Early Ottoman Period in Balkan Region and Anatolia Review of European Studies 2 2 105 116 doi 10 5539 res v2n2p105 Hill Donald Routledge 1996 A history of engineering in classical and medieval times edisi ke Illustrated New York NY Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 15291 4 Hillenbrand Robert 1994 Islamic Architecture Form Function and Meaning New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 10133 2 Hitchcock Don Mezhirich Mammoth Camp diakses tanggal August 15 2009 Hocker Christoph 2000 Architecture Laurence King Publishing ISBN 978 1 856 69159 8 Hourihane Colum ed 2012 The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 539536 5 Howard Deborah 1991 Venice and Islam in the Middle Ages Some Observations on the Question of Architectural Influence Architectural History 34 59 74 doi 10 2307 1568594 JSTOR 1568594 Huerta Santigo 2007 Oval Domes History Geometry and Mechanics PDF Nexus Network Journal 9 hlm 211 248 doi 10 1007 978 3 7643 8699 3 4 ISBN 978 3 7643 8444 9 pranala nonaktif permanen Jeffery George 2010 A Brief Description of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem and Other Christian Churches in the Holy City With Some Account of the Mediaeval Copies of the Holy Sepulchre Surviving in Europe edisi ke reprint 1919 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 108 01604 9 Johnson Mark J 2009 The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity edisi ke 1 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 51371 5 Karydis Nikolaos D 2012 The Early Byzantine Domed Basilicas of West Asia Minor An Essay in Graphic Reconstruction PDF Late Antique Archaeology 9 hlm 357 381 doi 10 1163 22134522 12340013 ISBN 9789004309777 Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2015 05 29 Diakses tanggal May 29 2015 Kayili Mutbul 2005 Acoustic Solutions in Classic Ottoman Architecture PDF Publication ID 4087 FSTC Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation Limited 1 15 Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2021 08 28 Diakses tanggal 2019 08 01 Kern Chris Jefferson s Dome at Monticello diakses tanggal July 14 2009 Kies Lisa Russian Church Design diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 1 2012 diakses tanggal February 14 2014 Kohlmaier Georg Von Sartory Barna 1991 Houses of Glass a Nineteenth Century Building Type Translated by John C Harvey edisi ke illustrated MIT Press ISBN 978 0 262 61070 4 Krautheimer Richard 1980 Success and Failure in Late Antique Church Planning Dalam Weitzmann Kurt Age of Spirituality A Symposium New York Metropolitan Museum of Art hlm 121 140 ISBN 978 0 87099 229 2 Krautheimer Richard 1986 Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture edisi ke 4 Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 05294 7 Kruft Hanno Walter 1994 History of Architectural Theory edisi ke illustrated reprint Princeton Architectural Press ISBN 978 1 568 98010 2 Kuban Dogan 1985 Muslim Religious Architecture Part II Leiden The Netherlands E J Brill ISBN 978 90 04 07084 4 Kuban Dogan 1987 The Style of Sinan s Domed Structures Muqarnas 4 72 97 doi 10 2307 1523097 JSTOR 1523097 Kuiper Kathleen 2011 The Culture of China The Rosen Publishing Group ISBN 978 1 61530 183 6 Lancaster Lynne C 2005 Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome Innovations in Context edisi ke illustrated Hong Kong Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 84202 0 Langmead Donald Garnaut Christine 2001 Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats edisi ke 3rd ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 57607 112 0 Larson Olga Popovic Tyas Andy 2003 Conceptual Structural Design Bridging the Gap Between Architects and Engineers edisi ke illustrated reprint Thomas Telford ISBN 978 0 72773 235 4 Lehmann Karl 1945 The Dome of Heaven dalam Kleinbauer W Eugene Modern Perspectives in Western Art History An Anthology of Twentieth Century Writings on the Visual Arts Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching 25 University of Toronto Press dipublikasikan tanggal 1989 hlm 227 270 ISBN 978 0 8020 6708 1 Leick Gwendolyn ed 2003 Dome A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Architecture London and New York Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 203 19965 7 Hong Kong Museum of History Branch Museums Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Leisure and Cultural Services Department January 9 2014 diakses tanggal February 3 2014 Levy Matthys Salvadori Mario 2002 Why buildings Fall Down How Structures Fail edisi ke illustrated reprint W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 31152 5 Lippincott Kristen 2008 DK Eyewitness Books Astronomy Penguin ISBN 978 0 756 64349 2 Lucore Sandra K 2009 Archimedes the North Baths at Morgantina and Early Developments in Vaulted Construction dalam Kosso Cynthia Scott Anne The nature and function of water baths bathing and hygiene from antiquity through the Renaissance Leiden The Netherlands Brill hlm 43 59 ISBN 978 9 004 17357 6 MacDonald William 1958 Some Implications of Later Roman Construction Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 17 4 2 8 JSTOR 987944 Mainstone Rowland J 2001 Developments in Structural Form edisi ke 2 Architectural Press ISBN 978 0 7506 5451 7 Makowski Z S 1962 Braced Domes Their History Modern Trends and Recent Developments Architectural Science Review 5 2 62 79 doi 10 1080 00038628 1962 9696050 Marche Jordan 2005 Theaters of Time and Space American Planetaria 1930 1970 Rutgers University Press ISBN 978 0 813 53766 5 Mark Robert Billington David P 1989 Structural Imperative and the Origin of New Form Technology and Culture 30 2 300 329 doi 10 2307 3105106 JSTOR 3105106 Marrucchi Giulia Belcari Riccardo 2007 Art of the Middle Ages Masterpieces in Painting Sculpture and Architecture New York Barnes amp Noble Inc ISBN 978 0 7607 8887 5 McClendon Charles B 2005 The Origins of Medieval Architecture Building in Europe A D 600 900 edisi ke illustrated Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 10688 6 McVey Kathleen E 1983 The Domed Church as Microcosm Literary Roots of an Architectural Symbol Dumbarton Oaks Papers 37 91 121 doi 10 2307 1291479 JSTOR 1291479 Melaragno Michele G 1991 An Introduction to Shell Structures the Art and Science of Vaulting edisi ke softcover New York New York Van Nostrand Reinhold ISBN 978 1 4757 0225 5 Michell George Zebrowski Mark 1987 The New Cambridge History of India Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 56321 5 Miller Judith Clinch Tim 1998 Classic Style edisi ke illustrated Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 0 684 84997 3 Minke Gernot 2012 Building with Earth Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture edisi ke 3rd revised Berlin Germany Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 034 60872 5 Mitchell James H 1985 The Noble Dome The Antioch Review 43 3 261 271 doi 10 2307 4611482 JSTOR 4611482 Moffett Marian Fazio Michael W Wodehouse Lawrence 2003 A World History of Architecture edisi ke illustrated London Laurence King Publishing ISBN 978 1 856 69371 4 Needham Joseph Gwei Djen Lu 1962 Science and Civilisation in China Physics and Physical Technology Volume 4 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 07060 7 The Catholic Encyclopedia New Advent Diakses tanggal October 26 2010 Newman John Pevnser Nikolaus ed 1972 The Buildings of England Dorset Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 09598 2 Nickel Lukas 2015 Bricks in Ancient China and the Question of Early Cross Asian Interaction Arts Asiatiques Ecole francaise d Extreme Orient 70 49 62 JSTOR 26358183 Nobile Marco Rosario Bares Maria Mercedes 2015 The use of false vaults in 18th century buildings of Sicily Construction History 30 1 53 70 JSTOR 44215897 Nuttgens Patrick 1997 The Story of Architecture Hong Kong Phaidon Press Limited ISBN 978 0 7148 3616 4 Ochsendork John Freeman Michael 2010 Guastavino Vaulting The Art of Structural Tile edisi ke illustrated Princeton Architectural Press ISBN 978 1 56898 741 5 O Kane Bernard 1995 Domes Encyclopaedia Iranica diakses tanggal November 28 2010 Ousterhout Robert G 2008 Master Builders of Byzantium edisi ke paperback Philadelphia PA University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology ISBN 978 1 934536 03 2 Ousterhout Robert 2008 Chapter II 7 2 Churches and Monasteries Dalam Jeffreys Elizabeth Haldon John Cormack Robin The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 925246 6 Overy R J 2004 The Dictators Hitler s Germany and Stalin s Russia edisi ke illustrated New York W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 02030 4 Palmer Douglas Pettitt Paul Bahn Paul G 2005 Unearthing the past the great archaeological discoveries that have changed history edisi ke Illustrated Globe Pequot ISBN 978 1 59228 718 5 pranala nonaktif permanen Palmer Allison Lee 2009 The A to Z of Architecture Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 810 87058 1 Peterson Andrew 1996 The Dictionary of Islamic Architecture Routledge ISBN 978 0 203 20387 3 Pevsner Nikolaus 1978 Derbyshire Revised by Elizabeth Williamson edisi ke illustrated reprint Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 140 71008 3 Porter Arthur Kingsley 1928 Spanish Romanesque Sculpture Volume 1 edisi ke illustrated Hacker Art Books Ramaswany G S Eekhout Mick 2002 Analysis Design and Construction of Steel Space Frames edisi ke illustrated reprint London UK Thomas Telford Ltd hlm 242 ISBN 978 0 727 73014 5 Rasch Jurgen 1985 Die Kuppel in der romischen Architektur Entwicklung Formgebung Konstruktion Architectura 15 117 139 Rizzoni Giovanni 2009 The Form of Parliaments amp European Identity Dalam Rorato Laura Saunders Anna The Essence and the Margin National Identities and Collective Memories in Contemporary European Culture The Netherlands Rodopi hlm 183 198 ISBN 978 9 042 02571 4 Robison Elwin C December 1991 Optics and Mathematics in the Domed Churches of Guarino Guarini Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 50 4 384 401 doi 10 2307 990663 JSTOR 990663 Rosser John H 2011 Historical Dictionary of Byzantium edisi ke 2 Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 810 87477 0 Rovero L Tonietti U 2012 Structural behaviour of earthen corbelled domes in the Aleppo s region Materials and Structures 45 171 184 doi 10 1617 s11527 011 9758 1 Saka M P 2007 Optimum geometry design of geodesic domes using harmony search algorithm Advances in Structural Engineering 10 6 595 606 Schutz Bernhard 2002 Great Cathedrals edisi ke illustrated Harry N Abrams Inc ISBN 978 0 810 93297 5 Sear Frank 1983 Roman Architecture edisi ke revised Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 9245 7 Skempton A W 2002 A biographical dictionary of civil engineers in Great Britain and Ireland 1500 1830 edisi ke illustrated Thomas Telford ISBN 978 0 7277 2939 2 About Russian Domes and Cupolas skypalace org diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011 07 28 Smith Earl Baldwin 1950 The Dome A Study in the History of Ideas Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 03875 9 Spiers R Phene 1911 Vault dalam Chisholm Hugh The Encyclopaedia Britannica A Dictionary of Arts Sciences Literature and General Information Eleventh Edition 27 Cambridge England University Press hlm 956 961 Stephenson Davis Hammond Victoria Davi Keith F 2005 Visions of Heaven the Dome in European Architecture edisi ke illustrated Princeton Architectural Press ISBN 978 1 56898 549 7 Stewart Charles Anthony 2008 Domes of Heaven The Domed Basilicas of Cyprus edisi ke illustrated ProQuest ISBN 978 0 549 75556 2 Tabbaa Yasser 1985 The Muqarnas Dome Its Origin and Meaning Muqarnas 3 61 74 doi 10 2307 1523084 JSTOR 1523084 Tappin Stuart 2003 The Structural Development of Masonry Domes in India Dalam Huerta S Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History Madrid 20th 24th January 2003 PDF Madrid I Juan de Herrera hlm 1941 1952 ISBN 978 84 9728 070 9 pranala nonaktif permanen Tsan wing NG Kin wah LEUNG 2001 Deformation Survey for the Preservation of Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb The 10th FIG International Symposium on Deformation Measurements Session VIII Structural Deformations 19 22 March 2001 PDF Orange California USA hlm 294 301 ISBN 978 0 86078 686 3 Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 6 February 2004 Wallis Kendall 2010 Bearing Bandmann s Meaning A Translator s Introduction by Kendall Willis Dalam Bandmann Gunter Early Medieval Architecture as Bearer of Meaning Translated by Kendall Wallis Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 50172 9 Ward Clarence 1915 Mediaeval Church Vaulting edisi ke illustrated Princeton Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 404 06836 3 Wilkie David S Morelli Gilda A 2000 Forest Foragers A Day in the Life of Efe Pygmies in the Democratic Republic of Congo Cultural Survival Quarterly 24 3 Diakses tanggal December 7 2010 Winter Frederick E 2006 Studies in Hellenistic Architecture edisi ke illustrated Toronto Canada University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 3914 9 Wittkower Rudolf 1963 S Maria della Salute Scenographic Architecture and the Venetian Baroque dalam Kleinbauer W Eugene Modern Perspectives in Western Art History An Anthology of Twentieth Century Writings on the Visual Arts Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching 25 University of Toronto Press dipublikasikan tanggal 1989 hlm 165 192 ISBN 978 0 8020 6708 1 Wittkower Rudolf 1999 Art and Architecture in Italy 1600 1750 III Late Baroque Revised by Joseph Conners and Jennifer Montagu edisi ke 6th Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 07941 8 Wright G R H 2009 Ancient Building Technology Volume 3 Construction 2 Vols edisi ke illustrated BRILL ISBN 978 9 004 17745 1 Yaghan Mohammad Ali Jalal 2003 Gadrooned Dome s Muqarnas Corbel Analysis and Decoding Historical Drawings Architectural Science Review 46 1 69 88 doi 10 1080 00038628 2003 9696966 Zagraevsky Sergey The shapes of domes of ancient Russian churches Russian RusArch ru diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013 01 16 Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Kubah amp oldid 23712561