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Kekuatan menengah Dalam hubungan internasional penguasa menengah adalah negara berdaulat yang tidak tergolong penguasa s

Kekuatan menengah

Dalam hubungan internasional, penguasa menengah adalah negara berdaulat yang tidak tergolong penguasa super atau penguasa besar, tetapi memiliki pengaruh yang besar atau cukup dan mendapat pengakuan internasional. Konsep "penguasa menengah" dapat ditelusuri hingga asal mula sistem negara Eropa. Pada akhir abad ke-16, pemikir politik Italia Giovanni Botero membagi dunia ke dalam tiga jenis negara – grandissime (imperium), mezano (penguasa menengah), dan piccioli (penguasa kecil). Menurut Botero, mezano atau penguasa menengah "...memiliki kekuatan dan kewenangan yang cukup untuk berdiri sendiri tanpa bantuan negara lain."

Para pemimpin negara G-20 dan lainnya hadir di KTT G-20 Washington 2008. Sebagian besar G-20 adalah penguasa menengah, sisanya penguasa besar.

Tumpang tindih Sunting

Tumpang tindih antara penguasa menengah dan penguasa besar menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada kesepakatan soal pengelompokkan ini.

Negara-negara seperti Tiongkok, Prancis, Rusia, Britania Raya, dan Amerika Serikat umumnya dianggap penguasa besar karena memiliki pengaruh ekonomi, militer, dan straegi, memegang status pemilik senjata nuklir resmi, dan menduduki jabatan permanen di Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa.

Namun demikian, ada sumber-sumber yang menggolongkan Prancis, Rusia, dan Britania Raya sebagai penguasa menengah.

Banyak akademisi juga meyakini bahwa Jepang dan Jerman adalah penguasa besar karena ekonominya maju dan memiliki pengaruh global, walaupun kemampuan militer dan strategisnya terbatas. Meski jarang ada akademisi yang mengakui India sebagai penguasa besar, ilmuwan politik seperti Malik Mohan dan Zbigniew Brzezinski menganggap India sebagai penguasa besar. Jerman, Jepang, dan India juga terkadang dikelompokkan sebagai penguasa menengah.

Sejumlah ilmuwan hubungan internasional mendukung klaim bahwa Italia dan Kanada berhak mendapatkan status penguasa besar karena terlibat dalam G7. Dalam laporan HCSS tahun 2014, Italia terdaftar sebagai penguasa besar.

Daftar penguasa menengah Sunting

Layaknya penguasa besar, tidak ada kesepakatan mengenai pengelompokan penguasa menengah. Daftar manapun selalu diperdebatkan dan menjajarkan negara berukuran besar (e.g. Argentina) dengan negara berukuran kecil (e.g. Norwegia). Tidak semua penguasa menengah memiliki status yang sama; beberapa di antaranya dianggap sebagai penguasa regional dan anggota G20 (e.g. Australia), sedangkan negara lainnya dapat dengan mudah digolongkan sebagai penguasa kecil (e.g. Uni Emirat Arab). Sejumlah penguasa menengah yang lebih besar juga memainkan peran penting di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan organisasi internasinoal lain seperti WTO.

Berikut adalah daftar negara yang pernah dianggap sebagai penguasa menengah oleh sejumlah akademisi atau ilmuwan politik.

Lihat pula Sunting

Referensi Sunting

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Pranala luar Sunting

Bacaan lanjutan Sunting

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Tanggal penerbitan:
Dalam hubungan internasional penguasa menengah adalah negara berdaulat yang tidak tergolong penguasa super atau penguasa besar tetapi memiliki pengaruh yang besar atau cukup dan mendapat pengakuan internasional Konsep penguasa menengah dapat ditelusuri hingga asal mula sistem negara Eropa Pada akhir abad ke 16 pemikir politik Italia Giovanni Botero membagi dunia ke dalam tiga jenis negara grandissime imperium mezano penguasa menengah dan piccioli penguasa kecil Menurut Botero mezano atau penguasa menengah memiliki kekuatan dan kewenangan yang cukup untuk berdiri sendiri tanpa bantuan negara lain 1 Para pemimpin negara G 20 dan lainnya hadir di KTT G 20 Washington 2008 Sebagian besar G 20 adalah penguasa menengah sisanya penguasa besar Daftar isi 1 Tumpang tindih 2 Daftar penguasa menengah 3 Lihat pula 4 Referensi 5 Pranala luar 6 Bacaan lanjutanTumpang tindih SuntingTumpang tindih antara penguasa menengah dan penguasa besar menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada kesepakatan soal pengelompokkan ini 2 Negara negara seperti Tiongkok Prancis Rusia Britania Raya dan Amerika Serikat umumnya dianggap penguasa besar karena memiliki pengaruh ekonomi militer dan straegi memegang status pemilik senjata nuklir resmi dan menduduki jabatan permanen di Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa Namun demikian ada sumber sumber yang menggolongkan Prancis Rusia dan Britania Raya sebagai penguasa menengah nbsp Prancis 3 nbsp Rusia 4 nbsp Britania Raya 5 6 Banyak akademisi juga meyakini bahwa Jepang dan Jerman adalah penguasa besar karena ekonominya maju dan memiliki pengaruh global walaupun kemampuan militer dan strategisnya terbatas 7 Meski jarang ada akademisi yang mengakui India sebagai penguasa besar ilmuwan politik seperti Malik Mohan dan Zbigniew Brzezinski menganggap India sebagai penguasa besar 8 9 Jerman Jepang dan India juga terkadang dikelompokkan sebagai penguasa menengah nbsp Brasil 10 11 12 13 nbsp Jerman 14 15 nbsp Jepang 16 17 18 nbsp India 16 19 20 21 Sejumlah ilmuwan hubungan internasional mendukung klaim bahwa Italia dan Kanada berhak mendapatkan status penguasa besar karena terlibat dalam G7 22 23 Dalam laporan HCSS tahun 2014 Italia terdaftar sebagai penguasa besar 24 nbsp Kanada 25 26 27 28 29 nbsp Italia 30 31 Daftar penguasa menengah SuntingLayaknya penguasa besar tidak ada kesepakatan mengenai pengelompokan penguasa menengah Daftar manapun selalu diperdebatkan dan menjajarkan negara berukuran besar e g Argentina dengan negara berukuran kecil e g Norwegia 32 Tidak semua penguasa menengah memiliki status yang sama beberapa di antaranya dianggap sebagai penguasa regional dan anggota G20 e g Australia sedangkan negara lainnya dapat dengan mudah digolongkan sebagai penguasa kecil e g Uni Emirat Arab Sejumlah penguasa menengah yang lebih besar juga memainkan peran penting di Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa dan organisasi internasinoal lain seperti WTO Berikut adalah daftar negara yang pernah dianggap sebagai penguasa menengah oleh sejumlah akademisi atau ilmuwan politik nbsp Argentina 10 33 34 nbsp Australia 16 25 26 35 36 nbsp Austria 32 nbsp Belgia 32 37 38 nbsp Brasil 10 11 12 13 nbsp Kanada 39 nbsp Chili 11 37 nbsp Kolombia 11 37 nbsp Ceko 32 nbsp Denmark 27 32 40 nbsp Mesir 33 41 42 43 nbsp Finlandia 32 nbsp Yunani 44 nbsp Hungaria 32 45 nbsp Indonesia 32 46 nbsp Irak nbsp Iran 47 48 49 50 nbsp Israel 35 51 52 nbsp Luksemburg 53 nbsp Malaysia 42 46 54 55 nbsp Meksiko 10 41 56 57 58 nbsp Belanda 27 32 40 nbsp Selandia Baru 59 nbsp Nigeria 32 41 54 nbsp Norwegia 27 32 40 nbsp Pakistan 32 60 nbsp Peru nbsp Filipina 61 nbsp Polandia 32 57 62 63 nbsp Portugal 64 nbsp Qatar 65 66 nbsp Rumania 32 nbsp Arab Saudi 35 67 68 nbsp Afrika Selatan 12 69 70 71 72 73 nbsp Korea Selatan 16 74 75 76 77 nbsp Spanyol 32 64 nbsp Swedia 32 35 40 78 nbsp Swiss 32 nbsp Taiwan 61 nbsp Thailand 61 nbsp Turki 41 79 nbsp Ukraina 62 nbsp Uni Emirat Arab 80 81 nbsp Venezuela 32 nbsp Vietnam 61 Lihat pula SuntingPenguasa regional Penguasa baru G20 MINT Uniting for Consensus JACKSNNZReferensi Sunting Rudd K 2006 Making Australia a force for good Diarsipkan 2007 06 27 di Wayback Machine Labor eHerald Mehmet Ozkan A NEW APPROACH TO GLOBAL SECURITY PIVOTAL MIDDLE POWERS AND GLOBAL POLITICS Perceptions Journal of International Affairs XI 1 2006 77 95 Europeand Sussex both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status Neumann Iver B 2008 Russia as a great power 1815 2007 Journal of International Relations and Development 11 128 151 p 128 doi 10 1057 jird 2008 7 As long as Russia s rationality of government deviates from present day hegemonic neo liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great power P Shearman M Sussex European Security After 9 11 Ashgate 2004 According to Shearman and Sussex both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status Chalmers Malcolm May 2015 A Force for Order Strategic Underpinnings 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middle power countries Diarsipkan 2007 09 27 di Wayback Machine GILLEY BRUCE September 10 2012 The Rise of the Middle Powers The New York Times Company hlm 1 Diakses tanggal 14 March 2015 Thanos Veremes 1997 The Military in greek Politics Black Rose Books Higgott RA Cooper AF 1990 Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building a b Jonathan H Ping Middle Power Statecraft Indonesia Malaysia and the Asia Pacific Aldershot Ashgate Publishing 2005 Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch Syria and Iran Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System London Routledge 1997 Samhat Nayef H 2000 Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy Lessons for Irano U S Relations Policy Studies Journal 28 1 11 26 Ahouie M 2004 Iran Analysis Quarterly Diarsipkan 2020 05 17 di Wayback Machine MIT Foreign Affairs Committee 2006 Iran www lrb co uk Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009 08 15 Diakses tanggal 2015 10 21 www acronym org uk Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016 03 04 Diakses tanggal 2015 10 21 Middle Power Internationalism The North South Dimension edited by Cranford Pratt Montreal McGill Queen s University Press 1990 a b Mace G Belanger L 1999 The Americas in Transition The Contours of Regionalism p 153 Kim R Nossal and Richard Stubbs Mahathir s Malaysia An Emerging Middle Power in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997 Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas The Cases of Argentina and Mexico in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997 a b Pierre G Goad Middle Powers to the Rescue Far Eastern Economic Review Vol 163 No 24 2000 p 69 Pellicer O 2006 Mexico a Reluctant Middle Power Diarsipkan 2007 06 14 di Wayback Machine FES Kesalahan pengutipan Tag lt ref gt tidak sah tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama MPI Barry Buzan 2004 The United States and the great powers world politics in the twenty first century Polity hlm 71 99 ISBN 978 0 7456 3374 9 Diakses tanggal 27 December 2011 a b c d Jonathan H Ping Middle Power Statecraft p 104 a b Spero Joshua 2004 Bridging the European Divide Rowman amp Littlefield hlm 206 ISBN 9780742535534 ISBN 0 7425 3553 3 Kirton J 2006 Harper s Foreign Policy Success a b according to Yves Lacoste Geopolitique Larousse 2009 p 134 both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas Cooper Andrew F Middle Powers Squeezed out or Adaptive Public Diplomacy Magazine Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017 06 29 Diakses tanggal 12 March 2015 Kamrava Mehran Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy PDF Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2013 10 07 Diakses tanggal 12 March 2015 findarticles com yaleglobal yale edu Peter Vale South Africa Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997 Janis Van Der Westhuizen South Africa s Emergence as a Middle Power Third World 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closer The Australian Rudengren J Gisle P Brann K 1995 Middle Power Clout Sweden And The Development Banks Diarsipkan 2007 04 22 di Wayback Machine Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel Turkey A Middle Power in the New Order in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997 Laipson Ellen 3 September 2014 The UAE and Egypt s New Frontier in Libya The National Interest Diakses tanggal 26 October 2014 Evans Gareth 29 June 2011 Middle Power Diplomacy Diakses tanggal 26 October 2014 Pranala luar SuntingMiddle Powers InitiativeBacaan lanjutan SuntingWeak States in the International System By Michael I Handel Relocating Middle Powers Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order Book info Middle Power Internationalism Book info Emerging Powers Governance in a Changing Global Order Diarsipkan 2006 08 13 di Wayback Machine A Queen s Centre for International Relations annual report Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Kekuatan 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