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Hubungan antara agama dan ilmu pengetahuan Para sejarawan ilmu dan agama filsuf teolog ilmuwan dan lainnya dari berbagai

Hubungan antara agama dan ilmu pengetahuan

Para sejarawan ilmu dan agama, filsuf, teolog, ilmuwan, dan lainnya dari berbagai wilayah geografis dan budaya telah membahas berbagai aspek hubungan antara agama dan ilmu pengetahuan. Meskipun dunia kuno dan abad pertengahan tidak memiliki konsepsi yang menyerupai pemahaman modern tentang "ilmu pengetahuan" atau "agama", unsur-unsur gagasan modern tertentu tentang persoalan ini berulang sepanjang sejarah. Frasa berpasangan-pasangan "agama dan ilmu pengetahuan" dan "ilmu pengetahuan dan agama" pertama kali muncul dalam literatur pada abad ke-19. Ini bersamaan dengan penyempurnaan "ilmu" (dari studi-studi "filsafat alam") dan "agama" sebagai konsep berbeda dalam beberapa abad sebelumnya - sebagian karena profesionalisasi ilmu, Reformasi Protestan, kolonisasi, dan globalisasi.

Baik ilmu pengetahuan maupun agama merupakan upaya sosial dan budaya yang kompleks yang bervariasi antar budaya dan telah berubah seiring waktu. Sebagian besar inovasi ilmiah (dan teknis) sebelum revolusi ilmiah dicapai oleh masyarakat yang diorganisasi oleh tradisi-tradisi keagamaan. Para sarjana pagan, Islam, dan Kristen kuno memelopori unsur-unsur individu dari metode ilmiah. Roger Bacon, yang kerap dipuji karena memformalkan metode ilmiah, adalah seorang biarawan Fransiskan. Agama Hindu secara historis menganut nalar dan empirisme, berpendapat bahwa ilmu membawa pengetahuan tentang dunia dan semesta yang sah, tetapi tidak lengkap. Pemikiran Konfusianisme, apakah bersifat religius atau nonreligius, telah memiliki pandangan berbeda tentang ilmu dari waktu ke waktu. Sebagian besar umat Buddha abad ke-21 memandang ilmu sebagai pelengkap keyakinan mereka. Sementara klasifikasi dunia materi oleh bangsa India dan Yunani kuno menjadi udara, bumi, api, dan air yang lebih bersifat filosofis, dan para protoilmuwan seperti Anaxagoras secara tidak sopan mempertanyakan pandangan populer tertentu tentang dewa-dewa Yunani, para sarjana Timur Tengah abad pertengahan menggunakan pengamatan praktis dan eksperimental untuk mengklasifikasikan materi.

Peristiwa-peristiwa di Eropa seperti perkara Galileo awal abad ke-17, yang terkait dengan revolusi ilmiah dan Abad Pencerahan, mengantar para sarjana seperti John William Draper menyusun postulat (sekitar tahun 1874) sebuah tesis konflik, yang menyatakan bahwa agama dan ilmu pengetahuan telah berada dalam konflik secara metodologis, faktual, dan politis sepanjang sejarah. Beberapa ilmuwan kontemporer (seperti Richard Dawkins, Lawrence Krauss, Peter Atkins, dan Donald Prothero) menyetujui tesis ini. Namun, tesis konflik telah kehilangan dukungan di kalangan sebagian besar sejarawan ilmu pengetahuan kontemporer.

Penerimaan publik atas fakta-fakta ilmiah kadang-kadang dapat dipengaruhi oleh kepercayaan agama seperti di Amerika Serikat, dengan beberapa kalangan menolak konsep evolusi melalui seleksi alam, terutama yang menyangkut manusia. Namun demikian, Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat telah menulis bahwa "bukti evolusi dapat sepenuhnya sesuai dengan keyakinan agama", suatu pandangan yang didukung oleh banyak denominasi keagamaan.

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Referensi sunting

  1. Harrison, Peter (2015). The Territories of Science and Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. hlm. 3. ISBN 9780226184517. Diakses tanggal 22 May 2019. So familiar are the concepts 'science' and 'religion,' and so central to Western culture have been the activities and achievements that are usually labeled 'religious' and 'scientific,' that it is natural to assume that they have been enduring features of the cultural landscape of the West. But this view is mistaken. [...] 'science' and 'religion' are concepts of relatively recent coinage [...]. 
  2. Roberts, Jon (2011). "10. Science and Religion". Dalam Shank, MIchael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter. Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. hlm. 254, 258, 259, 260. ISBN 978-0226317830. Indeed, prior to about the middle of the nineteenth century, the trope "science and religion" was virtually nonexistent.".."In fact, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries witnessed the creation of what one commentator called "whole libraries" devoted to reconciling religion and science. That estimate is confirmed by the data contained in figures 10.1 and 10.2, which reveal that what started as a trickle of books and articles addressing "science and religion" before 1850 became a torrent in the 1870s." (see Fig. 10.1 and 10.2) 
  3. Harrison, Peter (2015). The Territories of Science and Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. hlm. 171. ISBN 9780226184517. When did people first begin to speak about science and religion, using that precise terminology? As should now be apparent, this could not have been before the nineteenth century. When we consult written works for actual occurrences of the conjunction “science and religion” or “religion and science” in English publications, that is exactly what we discover (see figure 14). 
  4. Harrison, Peter (2015). The Territories of Science and Religion. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-18448-7. 
  5. Nongbri, Brent (2013). Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15416-0. 
  6. Cahan, David, ed. (2003). From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-08928-7. 
  7. Stenmark, Mikael (2004). How to Relate Science and Religion: A Multidimensional Model. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-8028-2823-1. Recognizing that science and religion are essentially social practices always performed by people living in certain cultural and historical situations should alert us to the fact that religion and science change over time. 
  8. Roberts, Jon (2011). "10. Science and Religion". Dalam Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter. Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226317830. 
  9. Lindberg, David C. (2007). "1. Science Before the Greeks (On changes in science here)". The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450 (edisi ke-2nd). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. hlm. 2–3. ISBN 978-0226482057. 
  10. Clegg, Brian. "The First Scientist: A Life of Roger Bacon". Carroll and Graf Publishers, NY, 2003
  11. Science and Islam, Jim Al-Khalili. BBC, 2009
  12. Russel, C.A. (2002). Ferngren, G.B., ed. Science & Religion: A Historical Introduction. Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. 7. ISBN 978-0-8018-7038-5. The conflict thesis, at least in its simple form, is now widely perceived as a wholly inadequate intellectual framework within which to construct a sensible and realistic historiography of Western science. 
  13. Shapin, S. (1996). The Scientific Revolution. University of Chicago Press. hlm. 195. In the late Victorian period it was common to write about the 'warfare between science and religion' and to presume that the two bodies of culture must always have been in conflict. However, it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of science. 
  14. Brooke, J. H. (1991). Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 42. In its traditional forms, the conflict thesis has been largely discredited. 
  15. National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2008). Science, Evolution and Creationism. National Academy of Sciences. hlm. xiii. 
  16. National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2008). Science, Evolution and Creationism. National Academy of Sciences. hlm. 13. Many religious denominations and individual religious leaders have issued statements acknowledging the occurrence of evolution and pointing out that evolution and faith do not conflict. 

Catatan sunting

  • Barbour, Ian. When Science Meets Religion. SanFrancisco: Harper, 2000.
  • Barbour, Ian. Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues. SanFrancisco: Harper, 1997. ISBN 0-06-060938-9
  • Chu, Dominique (2013), The Science Myth – God, society, the self and what we will never know, ISBN 1-78279-047-0
  • Drummond, Henry. Natural Law in the Spiritual World. London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 29th Edition, 1890 [1]
  • Haught, John F. Science & Religion: From Conflict to Conversation. Paulist Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8091-3606-6
  • Jones, Richard H. For the Glory of God: The Role of Christianity in the Rise and Development of Modern Science. 2 Volumes. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2011 and 2012.
  • Larson, Edward J. and Larry Witham. "Scientists are still keeping the faith" Nature Vol. 386, pp. 435–36 (3 April 1997)
  • Larson, Edward J. and Larry Witham. "Leading scientists still reject God," Nature, Vol. 394, No. 6691 (1998), p. 313.
  • Einstein on Religion and Science from Ideas and Opinions (1954), Crown Publishers, ISBN 0-517-00393-7
  • The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science Philip Clayton(ed.), Zachary Simpson (associate-ed.) Hardcover 2006, paperback July 2008. Oxford University Press, 1023 pages
  • Grayling, A.C. (2014). The God Argument. Great Britain: Blommsbury. ISBN 9781408837436. 

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Para sejarawan ilmu dan agama filsuf teolog ilmuwan dan lainnya dari berbagai wilayah geografis dan budaya telah membahas berbagai aspek hubungan antara agama dan ilmu pengetahuan Meskipun dunia kuno dan abad pertengahan tidak memiliki konsepsi yang menyerupai pemahaman modern tentang ilmu pengetahuan atau agama 1 unsur unsur gagasan modern tertentu tentang persoalan ini berulang sepanjang sejarah Frasa berpasangan pasangan agama dan ilmu pengetahuan dan ilmu pengetahuan dan agama pertama kali muncul dalam literatur pada abad ke 19 2 3 Ini bersamaan dengan penyempurnaan ilmu dari studi studi filsafat alam dan agama sebagai konsep berbeda dalam beberapa abad sebelumnya sebagian karena profesionalisasi ilmu Reformasi Protestan kolonisasi dan globalisasi 4 5 6 Baik ilmu pengetahuan maupun agama merupakan upaya sosial dan budaya yang kompleks yang bervariasi antar budaya dan telah berubah seiring waktu 7 8 9 Sebagian besar inovasi ilmiah dan teknis sebelum revolusi ilmiah dicapai oleh masyarakat yang diorganisasi oleh tradisi tradisi keagamaan Para sarjana pagan Islam dan Kristen kuno memelopori unsur unsur individu dari metode ilmiah Roger Bacon yang kerap dipuji karena memformalkan metode ilmiah adalah seorang biarawan Fransiskan 10 Agama Hindu secara historis menganut nalar dan empirisme berpendapat bahwa ilmu membawa pengetahuan tentang dunia dan semesta yang sah tetapi tidak lengkap Pemikiran Konfusianisme apakah bersifat religius atau nonreligius telah memiliki pandangan berbeda tentang ilmu dari waktu ke waktu Sebagian besar umat Buddha abad ke 21 memandang ilmu sebagai pelengkap keyakinan mereka Sementara klasifikasi dunia materi oleh bangsa India dan Yunani kuno menjadi udara bumi api dan air yang lebih bersifat filosofis dan para protoilmuwan seperti Anaxagoras secara tidak sopan mempertanyakan pandangan populer tertentu tentang dewa dewa Yunani para sarjana Timur Tengah abad pertengahan menggunakan pengamatan praktis dan eksperimental untuk mengklasifikasikan materi 11 Peristiwa peristiwa di Eropa seperti perkara Galileo awal abad ke 17 yang terkait dengan revolusi ilmiah dan Abad Pencerahan mengantar para sarjana seperti John William Draper menyusun postulat sekitar tahun 1874 sebuah tesis konflik yang menyatakan bahwa agama dan ilmu pengetahuan telah berada dalam konflik secara metodologis faktual dan politis sepanjang sejarah Beberapa ilmuwan kontemporer seperti Richard Dawkins Lawrence Krauss Peter Atkins dan Donald Prothero menyetujui tesis ini Namun tesis konflik telah kehilangan dukungan di kalangan sebagian besar sejarawan ilmu pengetahuan kontemporer 12 13 14 Penerimaan publik atas fakta fakta ilmiah kadang kadang dapat dipengaruhi oleh kepercayaan agama seperti di Amerika Serikat dengan beberapa kalangan menolak konsep evolusi melalui seleksi alam terutama yang menyangkut manusia Namun demikian Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat telah menulis bahwa bukti evolusi dapat sepenuhnya sesuai dengan keyakinan agama 15 suatu pandangan yang didukung oleh banyak denominasi keagamaan 16 Daftar isi 1 Lihat pula 2 Referensi 3 Catatan 4 Bacaan lebih lanjut 5 Pranala luarLihat pula suntingTesis konflik Tesis kontinuitas Ekologi yang mendalam Masalah demarkasi Iman dan rasionalitas Masalah dalam Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Agama Daftar sarjana tentang hubungan antara agama dan ilmu pengetahuan Tesis Merton Teologi alami Filsafat ilmu Politisasi ilmu Skeptisisme agama Psikologi agama Metode ilmiah dan agama Evolusi teistik Menurut tradisi Baha i dan ilmu pengetahuan Buddhisme dan ilmu pengetahuan Gereja Katolik dan ilmu pengetahuan amp Gereja Katolik dan teori evolusi Islam dan ilmu pengetahuan Daftar ateis dalam ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi Teosofi dan ilmu pengetahuan Daftar ilmuwan Katolik Daftar orang Kristen dalam ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi Daftar penerima Nobel nonreligius Parson naturalis Quaker dalam ilmu pengetahuanDi Amerika Serikat American Scientific Affiliation Graduate Theological Union Kontroversi penciptaan evolusi Perancangan cerdas Yayasan John Templeton nbsp Portal Ilmu nbsp Portal AgamaReferensi sunting Harrison Peter 2015 The Territories of Science and Religion Chicago University of Chicago Press hlm 3 ISBN 9780226184517 Diakses tanggal 22 May 2019 So familiar are the concepts science and religion and so central to Western culture have been the activities and achievements that are usually labeled religious and scientific that it is natural to assume that they have been enduring features of the cultural landscape of the West But this view is mistaken science and religion are concepts of relatively recent coinage Roberts Jon 2011 10 Science and Religion Dalam Shank MIchael Numbers Ronald Harrison Peter Wrestling with Nature From Omens to Science Chicago University of Chicago Press hlm 254 258 259 260 ISBN 978 0226317830 Indeed prior to about the middle of the nineteenth century the trope science and religion was virtually nonexistent In fact the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries witnessed the creation of what one commentator called whole libraries devoted to reconciling religion and science That estimate is confirmed by the data contained in figures 10 1 and 10 2 which reveal that what started as a trickle of books and articles addressing science and religion before 1850 became a torrent in the 1870s see Fig 10 1 and 10 2 Harrison Peter 2015 The Territories of Science and Religion Chicago University of Chicago Press hlm 171 ISBN 9780226184517 When did people first begin to speak about science and religion using that precise terminology As should now be apparent this could not have been before the nineteenth century When we consult written works for actual occurrences of the conjunction science and religion or religion and science in English publications that is exactly what we discover see figure 14 Harrison Peter 2015 The Territories of Science and Religion University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 18448 7 Nongbri Brent 2013 Before Religion A History of a Modern Concept Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 15416 0 Cahan David ed 2003 From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences Writing the History of Nineteenth Century Science Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 08928 7 Stenmark Mikael 2004 How to Relate Science and Religion A Multidimensional Model Grand Rapids Mich W B Eerdmans Pub Co hlm 45 ISBN 978 0 8028 2823 1 Recognizing that science and religion are essentially social practices always performed by people living in certain cultural and historical situations should alert us to the fact that religion and science change over time Roberts Jon 2011 10 Science and Religion Dalam Shank Michael Numbers Ronald Harrison Peter Wrestling with Nature From Omens to Science Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0226317830 Lindberg David C 2007 1 Science Before the Greeks On changes in science here The Beginnings of Western Science The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical Religious and Institutional Context Prehistory to A D 1450 edisi ke 2nd Chicago University of Chicago Press hlm 2 3 ISBN 978 0226482057 Clegg Brian The First Scientist A Life of Roger Bacon Carroll and Graf Publishers NY 2003 Science and Islam Jim Al Khalili BBC 2009 Russel C A 2002 Ferngren G B ed Science amp Religion A Historical Introduction Johns Hopkins University Press hlm 7 ISBN 978 0 8018 7038 5 The conflict thesis at least in its simple form is now widely perceived as a wholly inadequate intellectual framework within which to construct a sensible and realistic historiography of Western science Shapin S 1996 The Scientific Revolution University of Chicago Press hlm 195 In the late Victorian period it was common to write about the warfare between science and religion and to presume that the two bodies of culture must always have been in conflict However it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of science Brooke J H 1991 Science and Religion Some Historical Perspectives Cambridge University Press hlm 42 In its traditional forms the conflict thesis has been largely discredited National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2008 Science Evolution and Creationism National Academy of Sciences hlm xiii National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2008 Science Evolution and Creationism National Academy of Sciences hlm 13 Many religious denominations and individual religious leaders have issued statements acknowledging the occurrence of evolution and pointing out that evolution and faith do not conflict Catatan suntingBarbour Ian When Science Meets Religion SanFrancisco Harper 2000 Barbour Ian Religion and Science Historical and Contemporary Issues SanFrancisco Harper 1997 ISBN 0 06 060938 9 Chu Dominique 2013 The Science Myth God society the self and what we will never know ISBN 1 78279 047 0 Drummond Henry Natural Law in the Spiritual World London Hodder amp Stoughton Ltd 29th Edition 1890 1 Haught John F Science amp Religion From Conflict to Conversation Paulist Press 1995 ISBN 0 8091 3606 6 Jones Richard H For the Glory of God The Role of Christianity in the Rise and Development of Modern Science 2 Volumes Lanham Maryland University Press of America 2011 and 2012 Larson Edward J and Larry Witham Scientists are still keeping the faith Nature Vol 386 pp 435 36 3 April 1997 Larson Edward J and Larry Witham Leading scientists still reject God Nature Vol 394 No 6691 1998 p 313 online version Einstein on Religion and Science from Ideas and Opinions 1954 Crown Publishers ISBN 0 517 00393 7 The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science Philip Clayton ed Zachary Simpson associate ed Hardcover 2006 paperback July 2008 Oxford University Press 1023 pages Grayling A C 2014 The God Argument Great Britain Blommsbury ISBN 9781408837436 Bacaan lebih lanjut suntingBarr Stephen M The Believing Scientist Essays on Science and Religion Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co 2016 ISBN 978 0 8028 7370 5 Brooke John H Margaret Osler and Jitse M van der Meer editors Science in Theistic Contexts Cognitive Dimensions Osiris 2nd ser vol 16 2001 ISBN 0 226 07565 6 Brooke John H Science And Religion Some Historical Perspectives New York Cambridge University Press 1991 ISBN 0 521 23961 3 Bunge Mario Chasing Reality Strife over Realism Toronto University of Toronto Press Buxhoeveden Daniel Woloschak Gayle ed 2011 Science and the Eastern Orthodox Church edisi ke 1 Farnham Ashgate Cavanaugh William T and James K A Smith editors Evolution and the Fall Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co 2017 ISBN 978 0 8028 7379 8 Cook Melvin Alonzo and Melvin Garfield Cook Science and Mormonism Correlations Conflicts and Conciliations Salt Lake City Utah Deseret News Press 1967 Crisp Thomas M Steven L Porter and Gregg A Ten Elshof eds Neuroscience and the Soul The Human Person in Philosophy Science and Theology Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co 2016 ISBN 978 0 8028 7450 4 Haisch Bernard The God Theory Universes Zero point Fields and What s Behind It All Red Wheel Weiser 2006 ISBN 1 57863 374 5 Harper Sharon M P ed 2000 The Lab the Temple and the Market Reflections at the Intersection of Science Religion and Development International Development Research Centre ISBN 0 88936 920 8 Harrison Peter The Cambridge Companion to Science and Religion Cambridge 2010 Huxley Thomas Henry Science and Hebrew Tradition Essays D Appleton and Company 1897 372 pages Johnston Howard Agnew Scientific Faith London Hodder amp Stoughton New York G H Doran Co 1904 Lenaers Roger Nebuchadnezzar s Dream or The End of a Medieval Catholic Church pranala nonaktif permanen Piscataway NJ Gorgias Press 2007 ISBN 978 1 59333 583 0 Nelson Thomas L Scientific Aspects of Mormonism or Religion in Terms of Life Chicago Ill Press of Hillison amp Etten Co 1904 t p 1918 Oord Thomas Jay ed Divine Grace and Emerging Creation Wesleyan Forays in Science and Theology of Creation Pickwick Publications 2009 ISBN 1 60608 287 6 Oord Thomas Jay Science of Love The Wisdom of Well Being Templeton 2003 ISBN 1 932031 70 7 Restivo Sal The Social Relations of Physics Mysticism and Mathematics Kluwer Academic Publishers 1983 Richardson Mark Wesley Wildman ed Religion amp Science History Method Dialogue Routledge 1996 ISBN 0 415 91667 4 Ruse Michael Can a Darwinian Be a Christian The Relationship Between Science and Religion New York N Y Cambridge University Press 2000 ISBN 0 521 63716 3 Ruse Michael Science and Spirituality Making Room for Faith in the Age of Science New York N Y Cambridge University Press 2010 ISBN 978 0 521 75594 8 Stump J B and Alan G Padgett eds The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity Malden MA Wiley Blackwell 2012 Van Huyssteen J Wentzel editor Encyclopedia of Science and Religion MacMillan 2003 ISBN 0 02 865704 7 Walsh James J The Popes and Science the History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time Kessinger Publishing 1908 reprinted 2003 ISBN 0 7661 3646 9 from WorldCat 2 Review excerpts Waters F W The Way in and the Way out Science and Religion Reconciled Toronto Oxford University Press Canadian Branch 1967 x 2 269 p Wilber Ken The Marriage of Sense and Soul Integrating Science and Religion Broadway Reprint edition 1999 ISBN 0 7679 0343 9Pranala luar sunting nbsp Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan Hubungan antara agama dan ilmu pengetahuan The BioLogos Forum Science and Faith in Dialogue Test of Faith From the Faraday Institute for Science and Religion Counterbalance org Science and Religion Project Faith and Reason website about the historical relations between science and religion PBS Religion and Science in Historical Perspective by Ted Davis Diarsipkan 2012 05 06 di Wayback Machine Is Science Killing the Soul Discussion with atheists Richard Dawkins and Steven Pinker on Edge Foundation Meaning of Life A collection of video interviews with prominent scientists about topics relating science and religion requires WMV or RealMedia software Clash in Cambridge Science and religion seem as antagonistic as ever by John Horgan Scientific American September 2005 How the Public Resolves Conflicts Between Faith and Science David Masci Pew Research Center Robert M Young 1985 Darwin s Metaphor Nature s Place in Victorian Culture Cambridge University Press Diakses tanggal 2007 08 31 Zygon Journal of Religion and Science Science and Religion pranala nonaktif permanen by Archbishop Luke of Crimea an Eastern Orthodox perspective Victorian Science and Religion The Victorian Web Literature History and Culture in the Age of Victoria Science Philosophy Theology Science in Christian World Fifth International Conference 29 31 August 1994 Dubna Russia The Metaphysical Foundations of Buddhism and Sciences INTERS Interdisciplinary Documentation on Religion and Science collection of documents including the Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science that seeks to help scientists frame their work within a philosophical and humanistic context edited at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross Rome Italy Italia DISF Dizionario Interdisciplinare di Scienza e Fede online version of the dictionary edited in Rome by Urbaniana University Press and Citta Nuova Editrice Science and Religion BBC Radio 4 discussion with Steven Jay Gould John Haldane and Hilary Rose In Our Time Jan 25 2001 Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Hubungan antara agama dan ilmu pengetahuan amp oldid 23690567