Ghaznawiyah

Ghaznawiyah (bahasa Persia: غزنویان) adalah suatu dinasti Muslim mamluk etnis Turki yang budayanya telah ter-Persia-kan, yang pada masa puncak kejayaannya menguasai sebagian besar Iran, Transoxiana, dan India Utara antara 977-1186. Dinasti ini didirikan oleh Sabuktigin yang dimulai saat ia sukses menguasai Ghazna setelah ayah mertuanya Alp Tigin wafat. Alp Tigin adalah mantan jenderal Kekaisaran Samaniyah dari Balkh, di sebelah utara Hindu Kush di Khorasan Raya.

غزنویان Ghaznawiyah
977–1186
Bendera Dinasti Ghaznavid dari Kerajaan Ghaznawiyah
Kekaisaran Ghaznawiyah pada puncak kejayaannya
Ibu kota	Ghazna (977–1163) Lahore
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Persia (bahasa istana dan bahasa resmi; lingua franca) Arab (agama) Dialek Turki (militer)
Agama	Islam Sunni
Pemerintahan	Kekaisaran
Sultan
• 977–997	Sabuktigin (pertama)
• 1160–1186	Khusrau Malik (terakhir)
Wazir
• 998–1013	Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini (pertama tersebutkan)
• 12th-century	Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah (terakhir tersebutkan)
Era Sejarah	Abad Pertengahan
• Didirikan	977
• Dibubarkan	1186
Luas
1029 est.	3.400.000 km^2 (1.300.000 sq mi)
Didahului oleh Digantikan oleh Saffarid dynasty Samaniyah Ma'munids Farighunids Dinasti Ghurid Kesultanan Seljuk Raya
Sekarang bagian dari	Negara kini  Afghanistan  India  Iran  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Pakistan  Tajikistan  Turkmenistan  Uzbekistan

Meskipun dinasti ini berasal dari etnis Turki Asia Tengah, namun telah sangat terpengaruh Persia dalam bidang bahasa, budaya, sastra, serta adat kebiasaan, sehingga beberapa ahli memandangnya lebih sebagai suatu "dinasti Persia" daripada Turki.

Anak Sabuktigin, Mahmud dari Ghazni, mendeklarasikan independensinya dari Kekaisaran Samaniyah dan meluaskan wilayah Kekaisaran Ghaznawiyah hingga ke Amu Darya, Sungai Indus, dan Samudra Hindia di sebelah timur, dan ke Rey dan Hamadan di sebelah barat. Di bawah pemerintahan Mas'ud I, dinasti Ghaznawiyah mulai kehilangan kendali atas wilayah-wilayah baratnya kepada dinasti Seljuk setelah Pertempuran Dandanaqan, sehingga kekuasaannya menjadi terbatas pada wilayah yang saat ini adalah Afghanistan, Punjab, Pakistan, dan Balochistan. Pada tahun 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah kehilangan Ghazni ke tangan Ala al-Din Husayn dari dinasti Ghuriyah.

Pendiri

Dinasti Ghaznawiyah didirikan oleh Sabaktakin. Ia adalah seorang komandan militer berkebangsaan Turki. Awalnya, Sabaktakin hanyalah seorang budak dari Al-Batakin. Tuannya adalah seorang gubernur jenderal di Dinasti Samaniyah yang awalnya menguasai wilayah Khurasan. Namun, ia pindah ke Ghaznah dan berkuasa atasnya melalui kekuatan militer. Perpindahan ini dilakukannya setelah mengalami permusuhan dengan seorang wali kota Dinasti Samaniyah yang bernama Manshur bin Nuh.

Al-Batakin merebut wilayah Ghaznah yang terletak di Afganistan pada tahun 962 M. Ia kemudian membentuk Dinasti Ghaznawiyah dengan wilayah kekuasaan meliputi Afganistan dan Punjab.

Sabaktakin memperoleh posisi sebagai pemimpin setelah terjadi perebutan kekuasaan di antara komandan militer di Ghaznah. Perebutan kekuasaan terjadi akibat wafatnya Al-Batakin dan putranya yang bernama Abu Ishaq. Posisi sebagai pemimpin diperoleh Sabaktakin pada tahun 366 H atau 976 M.

Sabaktakin ditetapkan sebagai pendiri Dinasrti Ghaznawiyah dibandingkan dengan Al-Batakin. Karena 16 khalifah Dinasrti Ghaznawiyah sesudahnya merupakan keturunan langsung darinya. Nama Dinasti Ghaznawiyah ditetapkan oleh Sabaktakin. Penamaan ini didasarkannya dengan penetapan ibu kota pemerintahannya di Ghaznah.

Wilayah kekuasaan

Pada masa awal pemerintahan Dinasti Ghaznawiyah oleh Sabaktakin, wilayahnya hanya kota Ghaznah. Setelah pemerintahannya stabil, Sabaktakin memperluasnya dengan penaklukan kota Qashdar dan Bast. Setelah itu, ia memperluasnya lagi hingga ke wilayah India. Selama masa pemerintahannya, wilayah Dinasti Ghaznawiyah membentang dari Ghaznah hingga ke tepi sungai Indus.

Dinasti Ghaznawiyah menguasai seluruh wilayah India pada akhir abad ke-9 M. Khalifah yang memerintah saat itu adalah Muhammad Ghaznah.

Referensi

Catatan kaki

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3. "Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (3 September 2012);"Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)—or was a preferred lingua franca for them—as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194)". [1] 2013-05-02 di Wayback Machine.
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Daftar pustaka

• Zaghrut, Fathi (April 2022). Artawijaya, ed. Tragedi-Tragedi Besar dalam Sejarah Islam. Diterjemahkan oleh Irham, Masturi. Jakarta Timur: Pustaka Al-Kautsar. ISBN 978-979-592-978-9.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)