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Bencana kelaparan atau paceklik bahasa Inggris famine adalah sebuah bencana besar yang dikarenakan kurangnya bahan panga

Bencana kelaparan

Bencana kelaparan atau paceklik (bahasa Inggris: famine) adalah sebuah bencana besar yang dikarenakan kurangnya bahan pangan di suatu wilayah. Efeknya tersebar luas, dan kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh bencana kelaparan bisa bertahan selama berbulan-bulan, bahkan bertahun-tahun. Sering kali kelaparan juga disebabkan oleh bencana alam lain, seperti gempa atau tsunami yang menghancurkan seluruh wilayah, dan menyebabkan eksodus massal. Kematian karena kelaparan dan kekurangan gizi sangat menyakitkan, dan sering terjadi pada balita maupun lansia.

Dari atas-kiri ke bawah-kanan: korban anak-anak kelaparan di Rusia (1921-22), Belanda (1944-45), India (1943-44), dan Nigeria (1967-70)

Definisi Sunting

Menurut kriteria kemanusiaan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, bahkan jika ada kekurangan pangan dengan sejumlah besar orang yang kekurangan gizi, kelaparan dinyatakan hanya jika tindakan tertentu mengenai angka kematian, malnutrisi dan kelaparan terpenuhi. Kriterianya sebagai berikut:

  • Sedikitnya 20% rumah tangga di daerah itu menghadapi kekurangan makanan ekstrim dengan kemampuan terbatas untuk mengatasinya
  • Prevalensi malnutrisi akut pada anak-anak melebihi 30%
  • Angka kematian melebihi dua orang per 10.000 orang per hari

Pernyataan kelaparan tersebut tidak membawa kewajiban yang mengikat pada PBB atau negara-negara anggota, namun berfungsi untuk memusatkan perhatian global pada masalah tersebut.

Lihat juga Sunting

Sumber dan bacaan tambahan Sunting

  • Asimov, Isaac, Asimov's New Guide to Science, pp. 152–153, Basic Books, Inc.: 1984.
  • Bhatia, B.M. (1985) Famines in India: A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
  • Chaudhari, B. B (1984). Desai, Meghnad; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber; Rudra, Ashok, ed. Agrarian power and agricultural productivity in South Asia. 1. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05369-4. Diakses tanggal October 1, 2010 
  • Davis, Mike, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World, London, Verso, 2002 (Excerpt online.)
  • Dutt, Romesh C. Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India, first published 1900, 2005 edition by Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics Series, ISBN 1-4021-5115-2.
  • Dutt, Romesh C. The Economic History of India under early British Rule, first published 1902, 2001 edition by Routledge, ISBN 0-415-24493-5
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica (2010). "Food-availability decline". Diakses tanggal October 1, 2010 
  • Ganson, Nicholas, The Soviet Famine of 1946-47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. (ISBN 0-230-61333-0)
  • Genady Golubev and Nikolai Dronin, Geography of Droughts and Food Problems in Russia (1900–2000), Report of the International Project on Global Environmental Change and Its Threat to Food and Water Security in Russia (February, 2004).
  • Greenough, Paul R., Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal. The Famine of 1943-1944, Oxford University Press 1982
  • Harrison, G. Ainsworth.,Famine, Oxford University Press, 1988.
  • LeBlanc, Steven, Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage, St. Martin's Press (2003) argues that recurring famines have been the major cause of warfare since paleolithic times. ISBN 0-312-31089-7
  • Lassa, Jonatan., "Famine, drought, malnutrition: Defining and fighting hunger." http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html 2009-02-16 di Wayback Machine.. 3 July 2006.
  • Middlebrook, Peter, When the Public Works: Generating Employment and Social Protection in Ethiopia, Lambert Academic Publishing. 2009. ISBN 978-3-8383-0672-8
  • Li, Lillian M. Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), 2007 ISBN 978-0-8047-5304-3.
  • Massing, Michael (2003). "Does Democracy Avert Famine?". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal September 27, 2010 
  • Mead, Margaret. “The Changing Significance of Food.” American Scientist. (March–April 1970). pp. 176–189.
  • Ray, James Arthur; Sivertsen, Linda (2008). Harmonic Wealth: The Secret of Attracting the Life You Want. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-2264-9 
  • Moon, William. "Origins of the Great North Korean Famine." North Korean Review [1] Diarsipkan 2012-07-12 di Archive.is
  • Sen, Amartya, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982 via Questia via Oxford Press
  • Shipton, Parker (1990). "African Famines and Food Security: Anthropological Perspectives". Annual Review of Anthropology. 19: 353–394. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.002033. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  • Srivastava, H.C., The History of Indian Famines from 1858–1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra, 1968.
  • Sommerville, Keith. Why famine stalks Africa, BBC, 2001
  • Webb, Patrick. Famine. In Griffiths, M (ed.). Encyclopaedia of International Relations and Global Politics. London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 270–72.
  • Woo-Cumings, Meredith, The Political Ecology of Famine: The North Korean Catastrophe and Its LessonsPDF (807 KiB), ADB Institute Research Paper 31, January 2002.

Artikel referensi Sunting

  1. "South Sudan declares famine in Unity State". BBC News. 20 February 2017. Diakses tanggal 20 February 2017. 

Pranala luar Sunting

Lihat informasi mengenai bencana kelaparan di Wiktionary.
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Famines.
Wikisource memiliki teks artikel the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica tentang Article name needed.
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Tanggal penerbitan:
Bencana kelaparan atau paceklik bahasa Inggris famine adalah sebuah bencana besar yang dikarenakan kurangnya bahan pangan di suatu wilayah Efeknya tersebar luas dan kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh bencana kelaparan bisa bertahan selama berbulan bulan bahkan bertahun tahun Sering kali kelaparan juga disebabkan oleh bencana alam lain seperti gempa atau tsunami yang menghancurkan seluruh wilayah dan menyebabkan eksodus massal Kematian karena kelaparan dan kekurangan gizi sangat menyakitkan dan sering terjadi pada balita maupun lansia Dari atas kiri ke bawah kanan korban anak anak kelaparan di Rusia 1921 22 Belanda 1944 45 India 1943 44 dan Nigeria 1967 70 Daftar isi 1 Definisi 2 Lihat juga 3 Sumber dan bacaan tambahan 4 Artikel referensi 5 Pranala luarDefinisi SuntingMenurut kriteria kemanusiaan Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa bahkan jika ada kekurangan pangan dengan sejumlah besar orang yang kekurangan gizi kelaparan dinyatakan hanya jika tindakan tertentu mengenai angka kematian malnutrisi dan kelaparan terpenuhi Kriterianya sebagai berikut Sedikitnya 20 rumah tangga di daerah itu menghadapi kekurangan makanan ekstrim dengan kemampuan terbatas untuk mengatasinya Prevalensi malnutrisi akut pada anak anak melebihi 30 Angka kematian melebihi dua orang per 10 000 orang per hariPernyataan kelaparan tersebut tidak membawa kewajiban yang mengikat pada PBB atau negara negara anggota namun berfungsi untuk memusatkan perhatian global pada masalah tersebut 1 Lihat juga SuntingKabupaten Yahukimo Papua Kelaparan Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian FAO Inggris Daftar bencana kelaparanSumber dan bacaan tambahan SuntingAsimov Isaac Asimov s New Guide to Science pp 152 153 Basic Books Inc 1984 Bhatia B M 1985 Famines in India A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem Delhi Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd Chaudhari B B 1984 Desai Meghnad Rudolph Susanne Hoeber Rudra Ashok ed Agrarian power and agricultural productivity in South Asia 1 University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 05369 4 Diakses tanggal October 1 2010 Davis Mike Late Victorian Holocausts El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World London Verso 2002 Excerpt online Dutt Romesh C Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India first published 1900 2005 edition by Adamant Media Corporation Elibron Classics Series ISBN 1 4021 5115 2 Dutt Romesh C The Economic History of India under early British Rule first published 1902 2001 edition by Routledge ISBN 0 415 24493 5 Encyclopaedia Britannica 2010 Food availability decline Diakses tanggal October 1 2010 Ganson Nicholas The Soviet Famine of 1946 47 in Global and Historical Perspective New York Palgrave Macmillan 2009 ISBN 0 230 61333 0 Genady Golubev and Nikolai Dronin Geography of Droughts and Food Problems in Russia 1900 2000 Report of the International Project on Global Environmental Change and Its Threat to Food and Water Security in Russia February 2004 Greenough Paul R Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal The Famine of 1943 1944 Oxford University Press 1982 Harrison G Ainsworth Famine Oxford University Press 1988 LeBlanc Steven Constant battles the myth of the peaceful noble savage St Martin s Press 2003 argues that recurring famines have been the major cause of warfare since paleolithic times ISBN 0 312 31089 7 Lassa Jonatan Famine drought malnutrition Defining and fighting hunger http www thejakartapost com news 2006 07 03 famine drought malnutrition defining and fighting hunger html Diarsipkan 2009 02 16 di Wayback Machine 3 July 2006 Middlebrook Peter When the Public Works Generating Employment and Social Protection in Ethiopia Lambert Academic Publishing 2009 ISBN 978 3 8383 0672 8 Li Lillian M Fighting Famine in North China State Market and Environmental Decline 1690s 1990s Stanford CA Stanford University Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 8047 5304 3 Massing Michael 2003 Does Democracy Avert Famine The New York Times Diakses tanggal September 27 2010 Mead Margaret The Changing Significance of Food American Scientist March April 1970 pp 176 189 Ray James Arthur Sivertsen Linda 2008 Harmonic Wealth The Secret of Attracting the Life You Want Hyperion ISBN 978 1 4013 2264 9 Moon William Origins of the Great North Korean Famine North Korean Review 1 Diarsipkan 2012 07 12 di Archive is Sen Amartya Poverty and Famines An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation Oxford Clarendon Press 1982 via Questia via Oxford Press Shipton Parker 1990 African Famines and Food Security Anthropological Perspectives Annual Review of Anthropology 19 353 394 doi 10 1146 annurev an 19 100190 002033 pranala nonaktif permanen Srivastava H C The History of Indian Famines from 1858 1918 Sri Ram Mehra and Co Agra 1968 Sommerville Keith Why famine stalks Africa BBC 2001 Webb Patrick Famine In Griffiths M ed Encyclopaedia of International Relations and Global Politics London Routledge 2005 pp 270 72 Woo Cumings Meredith The Political Ecology of Famine The North Korean Catastrophe and Its Lessons PDF 807 KiB ADB Institute Research Paper 31 January 2002 Artikel referensi Sunting South Sudan declares famine in Unity State BBC News 20 February 2017 Diakses tanggal 20 February 2017 Pranala luar Sunting nbsp Lihat informasi mengenai bencana kelaparan di Wiktionary nbsp Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Famines nbsp Wikisource memiliki teks artikel the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica tentang Article name needed 1980s Drought and Subsequent Food Crisis from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Morning Star Fishermen Diarsipkan 2017 10 19 di Wayback Machine And The Race Against Hunger United Nations World Food Programme Hunger relief against poverty and famine International Food Policy Research Institute Sustainable solutions for ending hunger Article Diarsipkan 2012 03 02 di Wayback Machine from Technorati on the Issue of Shrinking Arable Farmland and its Contribution to Food shortages and high food prices In Depth Africa s Food Crisis BBC News Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia Geopolicity PDF 1 48 MiB Peter Middlebrook Overfarming African Land Is Worsening Hunger Crisis New York Times Food Security A Review of Literature from Ethiopia to India Geopolicity Diarsipkan 2008 12 22 di Archive is Famine Crimes in International Law Diarsipkan 2008 08 17 di Wayback Machine David Marcus The American Journal of International Law 2003 The Real Causes of Famine Time Magazine Diarsipkan 2012 09 12 di Wayback Machine Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Bencana kelaparan amp oldid 24249805