Bahasa Manda Artikel ini bukan mengenai bahasa Mandar bahasa Manda Baru ࡓࡀࡈࡍࡀ translit Mandāyì adalah ragam bahasa Aram

Bahasa Manda (bahasa Manda Baru: ࡓࡀࡈࡍࡀ, translit. Mandāyì) adalah ragam bahasa Aram yang dituturkan oleh masyarakat Mandaeisme, yang awalnya bermukim di Irak bagian selatan dan Iran bagian barat daya. Bahasa Manda Klasik masih digunakan oleh para imam Mandaeisme untuk peribadatan. Turunan dari bahasa Manda Klasik, yaitu Manda Baru atau Manda Modern, dituturkan sebagai bahasa ibu oleh sebagian kecil masyarakat Mandaeisme di sekitar Ahvaz^{:XXXVI–XXXVIII, 1–101} dan Khorramshahr, provinsi Khuzestan di Iran bagian selatan.

Bahasa Manda

Mandāyì, Raṭnā, ࡓࡀࡈࡍࡀ

Dituturkan di Irak dan Iran

Wilayah Bagdad dan Basra (Irak), serta Khuzistan (Iran)

Penutur

5.500 jiwa (2001–2006)

Rumpun bahasa
Afroasiatik Semit Semit Barat Semit Tengah Semit Barat Laut Aram Aram Timur Aram Tenggara Manda

Sistem penulisan

Alfabet Manda

Kode bahasa

ISO 639-3 Mencakup:
mid – Manda
myz – Manda Klasik

LINGUIST List

mid Manda Baru

myz Manda Klasik

Glottolog mand1468
nucl1706
clas1253

Portal Bahasa

L • B • PW

Bantuan penggunaan templat ini

Anda mungkin harus memiliki dukungan perenderan untuk menghasilkan Alfabet Manda pada article secara benar.

Mangkuk mantra dari Mesopotamia yang dibuat sekitar abad ke-5 hingga ke-8, tertulis dalam alfabet dan bahasa Manda, sekarang disimpan di Museum Yahudi Swiss.

Penggunaan peribadatan bahasa Manda Klasik ditemukan di Iran (khususnya bagian selatan negara tersebut), di Bagdad, Irak; dan para diaspora (terutama di Amerika Serikat, Swedia, Australia, dan Jerman). Bahasa ini unik secara tertulis karena alfabetnya menggunakan huruf vokal (mater lectionis seperti alef, he pada posisi akhir, ‘ayin, waw, yud)), disebut ejaan plene (Alfabet Manda). Bahasa ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh Persia dan Akkadia terutama di bidang pengistilahan keagamaan dan mistisisme. Pada tingkat yang lebih rendah, bahasa Manda juga dipengaruhi oleh Aram Palestina Yahudi, Aram Samaria, Ibrani, Yunani, Latin, dan Partia.

Penggolongan Sunting

Bahasa Manda merupakan bagian dari kelompok dialek Aram Timur yang sangat berhubungan dekat dengan Aram Babilonia Yahudi yang digunakan dalam Talmud Babilonia, tetapi sangat berbeda dengan berbagai dialek Aram yang muncul dalam tulisan-tulisan mantra pada mangkuk keramik non-porselen (mangkuk mantra) yang kebanyakan ditemukan di Irak bagian tengah dan selatan serta provinsi Khuzestan di Iran.

Penggunaan Sunting

Dialek Aram tenggara ini untuk menulis naskah-naskah keagamaan, tata peribadatan, dan esoterik, sebagian besar sekarang disimpan di Drower Collection, Perpustakaan Bodleian (Universitas Oxford), dan Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris), Perpustakaan Britania (London), dan di beberapa rumah masyarakat Mandaeisme.^:4 Bahasa Manda juga tertera dalam tulisan-tulisan di jimat-jimat yang sering ditemukan dalam penggalian kepurbakalaan di wilayah situs-situs yang terletak antara Wasiṭ dan Baṣra, juga banyak ditemukan di Irak bagian tengah, yaitu (Bismaya, Kish, Khouabir, Kutha, Uruk, Nippur), di tepian pertemuan antara sungai Efrat dan Tigris (Abu Shudhr, al-Qurnah), dan daerah pinggiran di Khuzistan (Hamadan).

Referensi Sunting

Catatan kaki Sunting

Manda di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015)
Manda Klasik di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015)
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2019). "Macro-Mandaic". Glottolog 4.1. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2019). "Mandaic". Glottolog 4.1. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2019). "Classical Mandaic". Glottolog 4.1. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Ethel Stefana Drower, The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran (Leiden: Brill, 1937; reprint 1962); Kurt Rudolph, Die Mandäer II. Der Kult (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; Göttingen, 1961; Kurt Rudolph, Mandaeans (Leiden: Brill, 1967); Christa Müller-Kessler, Sacred Meals and Rituals of the Mandaeans”, in David Hellholm, Dieter Sänger (eds.), Sacred Meal, Communal Meal, Table Fellowship, and the Eucharist: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, Vol. 3 (Tübingen: Mohr, 2017), pp. 1715–1726, pls.
Rudolf Macuch, Neumandäische Texte im Dialekt von Ahwaz (Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 1993).
Charles Häberl, The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr, (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009).
Theodor Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik (Halle: Waisenhaus, 1875), pp. 3–8.
No comprehensive and individual study exists yet except for some word discussions in Geo Widengren, Iranisch-semitische Kulturbegegnung in parthischer Zeit (Köln: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1960) and the etymological sections in Ethel Stefana Drower and Rudolf Macuch, A Mandaic Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963).
^ Stephen A. Kaufman, The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (Assyriological Studies 19; Chicago: The University of Chicago: 1974).
Häberl, Charles (3 March 2021), "Hebraisms in Mandaic", YouTube, diakses tanggal 25 April 2022
Häberl, Charles (2021). "Mandaic and the Palestinian Question". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 141 (1): 171–184. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0171. ISSN 0003-0279.
Häberl, Charles G. (February 2006). "Iranian Scripts for Aramaic Languages: The Origin of the Mandaic Script". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (341): 53–62. doi:10.7282/T37D2SGZ.
Theodor Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik (Halle: Waisenhaus, 1875), pp. XXVI–XXVII
Franz Rosenthal, Das Mandäische, in Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. Nöldeke’s Veröffentlichungen (Leiden: Brill 1939), pp. 228–229.
Tapani Harvaianen, An Aramaic Incantation Bowl from Borsippa. Another Specimen of Eastern Aramaic “Koiné”, Studia Orientalia 53.14, 1981, pp. 3–25.
Christa Müller-Kessler, "Zauberschalen und ihre Umwelt. Ein Überblick über das Schreibmedium Zauberschale," in Jens Kamran, Rolf Schäfer, Markus Witte (eds.), Zauber und Magie im antiken Palästina und in seiner Umwelt (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 46; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2017), pp. 59–94, figs. 1–2, 5, pls. 2, 4, 7–8, map.
Ethel Stefana Drower, The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran (Leiden: Brill, 1937; reprint 1962).
Ethel Stefana Drower, The Book of the Zodiac (sfar Malwašia) D.C. 31 (Oriental Translation Fund XXXVI; London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1949).
Ethel Stefana Drower, "A Mandaean Bibliography", in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1953, pp. 34–39.
Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002), The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people (PDF), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195153859
Christa Müller-Kessler, "A Mandaic Gold Amulet in the British Museum," in Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 311, 1998, pp. 83–88.
M. Thevenot, Relations de divers voyages curieux, première partie (Paris, 1663–1672), map with Mandaean villages.
J. Heinrich Petermann, Reisen im Orient, Vol. II (Leipzig: Veit, 1861), pp. 66, 83–123, 447–465.
Henri Pognon, "Une incantation contre les génies malfaisantes, en Mandaite," in Mémoires de la Soceté de Linguitiques de Paris 8, 1892, p. 193
Peter R. S. Moorey, Kish Excavation 1923 – 1933 (Oxford: Oxford Press, 1978), pp. 123–124.
Henri Pognon, Inscriptions mandaïtes des coupes de Khouabir (Paris: H. Wetter, 1898; reprint Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1979), pp. 1–5.
Christopher Walker apud Jehudah B. Segal, Catalogue of the Aramaic and Mandaic Incantation Bowls in the British Museum (London: British Museum Press, 2000), pp. 35–39.
Rudolf Macuch, "Gefäßinschriften," in Eva Strommenger (ed.), Gefässe aus Uruk von der Neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden (Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka 7; Berlin 1967), pp. 55–57, pl. 57.1–3.
J. P. Peters, Nippur or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates, Vol. II (New York, 1897); Hermann V. Hilprecht, Explorations in Bible Lands During the Nineteenth Century (Philadelphia: A. J. Molman and Company, 1903), p. 326; James A. Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur (Publications of the Babylonian Section 3; Philadelphia, 1913), pp. 37–39, 242–257; Christa Müller-Kessler (ed.), Die Zauberschalentexte der Hilprecht-Sammlung, Jena und weitere Nippur-Texte anderer Sammlungen (Texte und Materialen der Frau Professor Hilprecht-Collection 7; Wiesbaden 2005), pp. 110–135, 143–147.
François Lenormant, Essai sur la propagation de l’alphabet phénicien dans l’ancien monde, vol. II (Paris, 1872), pp. 76–82, pls. X–XI; Edmund Sollberger, "Mr. Taylor in Chaldaea," in Anatolian Studies 22, 1972, pp. 130–133.
Christa Müller-Kessler, "Interrelations between Mandaic Lead Rolls and Incantation Bowls," in Tzvi Abusch, Karel van der Toorn (eds.), Mesopotamian Magic. Textual, Historical, and Interpretative Perspectives (Ancient Magic and Divination 1; Groningen: STYX, 1999), pp. 197–198, pl. 209.
Cyrus H. Gordon, "Two Magic Bowls in Teheran," in Orientalia 20, 1951, pp. 306–311.
Christa Müller-Kessler, "Zauberschalen und ihre Umwelt. Ein Überblick über das Schreibmedium Zauberschale," n Jens Kamran, Rolf Schäfer, Markus Witte (eds.), Zauber und Magie im antiken Palästina und in seiner Umwelt (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 46; Wiesbaden, 2017), pp. 59–94, pls. 1–8, map, ISBN 978-3-447-10781-5.

Daftar pustaka Sunting

Theodor Nöldeke. 1862. "Ueber die Mundart der Mandäer," Abhandlungen der Historisch-Philologischen Classe der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 10: 81-160.
Theodor Nöldeke. 1964. Mandäische Grammatik, Halle: Waisenhaus; reprint Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft with Appendix of annotated handnotes from the hand edition of Theodor Nöldeke by Anton Schall.
Svend Aage Pallis. 1933. Essay on Mandaean Bibliography. London: Humphrey Milford.
Franz Rosenthal. 1939. "Das Mandäische," in Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. Nöldeke’s Veröffentlichungen. Leiden: Brill, pp. 224–254.
Ethel S. Drower and Rudolf Macuch. 1963. A Mandaic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Rudolf Macuch. 1965. Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Rudolf Macuch. 1989. Neumandäische Chrestomathie. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz.
Macuch, Rudolf (1993). Neumandäische Texte im Dialekt von Ahwaz. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3447033827.
Joseph L. Malone. 1997. Modern and Classical Mandaic Phonology, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa, edited by Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Rainer M. Voigt. 2007."Mandaic," in Morphologies of Asia and Africa, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa, edited by Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Kim, Ronald (2008). "Stammbaum or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 128 (3): 505–510.
Müller-Kessler, Christa (2009). "Mandaeans v. Mandaic Language". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Charles G. Häberl. 2009. The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Häberl, Charles G. (2012). "Neo-Mandaic". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 725–737. ISBN 9783110251586.
Burtea, Bogdan (2012). "Mandaic". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 670–685. ISBN 9783110251586.

Pranala luar Sunting

Kamus leksikon bahasa Manda daring 2016-04-01 di Wayback Machine.
Semitisches Tonarchiv: Tondokument "Ginza Einleitung" — rekaman pembacaan pembukaan Ginza Rabba yang dituturkan oleh seorang imam Mandaeisme.
Semitisches Tonarchiv: Tondokument "Ahwâz Macuch 01 A Autobiographie" — rekaman bahan otobiografi oleh Sâlem Çoheylî dalam bahasa Manda Baru.
Mandaic.org 2018-11-04 di Wayback Machine. Keterangan tentang Bahasa Manda Baru dialek Khorramshahr

[e18-1] Manda di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015)
Manda Klasik di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2019). "Macro-Mandaic". Glottolog 4.1. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Glottolog2-3] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2019). "Mandaic". Glottolog 4.1. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Glottolog3-4] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2019). "Classical Mandaic". Glottolog 4.1. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[5] Ethel Stefana Drower, The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran (Leiden: Brill, 1937; reprint 1962); Kurt Rudolph, Die Mandäer II. Der Kult (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; Göttingen, 1961; Kurt Rudolph, Mandaeans (Leiden: Brill, 1967); Christa Müller-Kessler, Sacred Meals and Rituals of the Mandaeans”, in David Hellholm, Dieter Sänger (eds.), Sacred Meal, Communal Meal, Table Fellowship, and the Eucharist: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, Vol. 3 (Tübingen: Mohr, 2017), pp. 1715–1726, pls.

[Macuch_1993-6] Rudolf Macuch, Neumandäische Texte im Dialekt von Ahwaz (Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 1993).

[Haberl_2009-7] Charles Häberl, The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr, (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009).

[8] Theodor Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik (Halle: Waisenhaus, 1875), pp. 3–8.

[9] No comprehensive and individual study exists yet except for some word discussions in Geo Widengren, Iranisch-semitische Kulturbegegnung in parthischer Zeit (Köln: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1960) and the etymological sections in Ethel Stefana Drower and Rudolf Macuch, A Mandaic Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963).

[Kaufman_1974-10] Stephen A. Kaufman, The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (Assyriological Studies 19; Chicago: The University of Chicago: 1974).

[11] Häberl, Charles (3 March 2021), "Hebraisms in Mandaic", YouTube, diakses tanggal 25 April 2022

[12] Häberl, Charles (2021). "Mandaic and the Palestinian Question". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 141 (1): 171–184. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0171. ISSN 0003-0279.

[13] Häberl, Charles G. (February 2006). "Iranian Scripts for Aramaic Languages: The Origin of the Mandaic Script". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (341): 53–62. doi:10.7282/T37D2SGZ.

[14] Theodor Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik (Halle: Waisenhaus, 1875), pp. XXVI–XXVII

[15] Franz Rosenthal, Das Mandäische, in Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. Nöldeke’s Veröffentlichungen (Leiden: Brill 1939), pp. 228–229.

[16] Tapani Harvaianen, An Aramaic Incantation Bowl from Borsippa. Another Specimen of Eastern Aramaic “Koiné”, Studia Orientalia 53.14, 1981, pp. 3–25.

[17] Christa Müller-Kessler, "Zauberschalen und ihre Umwelt. Ein Überblick über das Schreibmedium Zauberschale," in Jens Kamran, Rolf Schäfer, Markus Witte (eds.), Zauber und Magie im antiken Palästina und in seiner Umwelt (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 46; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2017), pp. 59–94, figs. 1–2, 5, pls. 2, 4, 7–8, map.

[18] Ethel Stefana Drower, The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran (Leiden: Brill, 1937; reprint 1962).

[19] Ethel Stefana Drower, The Book of the Zodiac (sfar Malwašia) D.C. 31 (Oriental Translation Fund XXXVI; London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1949).

[20] Ethel Stefana Drower, "A Mandaean Bibliography", in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1953, pp. 34–39.

[Buckley_2002-21] Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002), The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people (PDF), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195153859

[22] Christa Müller-Kessler, "A Mandaic Gold Amulet in the British Museum," in Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 311, 1998, pp. 83–88.

[23] M. Thevenot, Relations de divers voyages curieux, première partie (Paris, 1663–1672), map with Mandaean villages.

[24] J. Heinrich Petermann, Reisen im Orient, Vol. II (Leipzig: Veit, 1861), pp. 66, 83–123, 447–465.

[25] Henri Pognon, "Une incantation contre les génies malfaisantes, en Mandaite," in Mémoires de la Soceté de Linguitiques de Paris 8, 1892, p. 193

[26] Peter R. S. Moorey, Kish Excavation 1923 – 1933 (Oxford: Oxford Press, 1978), pp. 123–124.

[27] Henri Pognon, Inscriptions mandaïtes des coupes de Khouabir (Paris: H. Wetter, 1898; reprint Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1979), pp. 1–5.

[28] Christopher Walker apud Jehudah B. Segal, Catalogue of the Aramaic and Mandaic Incantation Bowls in the British Museum (London: British Museum Press, 2000), pp. 35–39.

[29] Rudolf Macuch, "Gefäßinschriften," in Eva Strommenger (ed.), Gefässe aus Uruk von der Neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden (Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka 7; Berlin 1967), pp. 55–57, pl. 57.1–3.

[30] J. P. Peters, Nippur or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates, Vol. II (New York, 1897); Hermann V. Hilprecht, Explorations in Bible Lands During the Nineteenth Century (Philadelphia: A. J. Molman and Company, 1903), p. 326; James A. Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur (Publications of the Babylonian Section 3; Philadelphia, 1913), pp. 37–39, 242–257; Christa Müller-Kessler (ed.), Die Zauberschalentexte der Hilprecht-Sammlung, Jena und weitere Nippur-Texte anderer Sammlungen (Texte und Materialen der Frau Professor Hilprecht-Collection 7; Wiesbaden 2005), pp. 110–135, 143–147.

[31] François Lenormant, Essai sur la propagation de l’alphabet phénicien dans l’ancien monde, vol. II (Paris, 1872), pp. 76–82, pls. X–XI; Edmund Sollberger, "Mr. Taylor in Chaldaea," in Anatolian Studies 22, 1972, pp. 130–133.

[32] Christa Müller-Kessler, "Interrelations between Mandaic Lead Rolls and Incantation Bowls," in Tzvi Abusch, Karel van der Toorn (eds.), Mesopotamian Magic. Textual, Historical, and Interpretative Perspectives (Ancient Magic and Divination 1; Groningen: STYX, 1999), pp. 197–198, pl. 209.

[33] Cyrus H. Gordon, "Two Magic Bowls in Teheran," in Orientalia 20, 1951, pp. 306–311.

[34] Christa Müller-Kessler, "Zauberschalen und ihre Umwelt. Ein Überblick über das Schreibmedium Zauberschale," n Jens Kamran, Rolf Schäfer, Markus Witte (eds.), Zauber und Magie im antiken Palästina und in seiner Umwelt (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 46; Wiesbaden, 2017), pp. 59–94, pls. 1–8, map, ISBN 978-3-447-10781-5.