Synapsida

Synapsida Rentang fosil: 320-100Ma. Takson keturunan Mammalia masih hidup sampai sekarang. PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Dimetrodon grandis skeleton at the National Museum of Natural History of U.S.A.
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Subfilum:	Vertebrata
Infrafilum:	Gnathostomata
Superkelas:	Tetrapoda
(tanpa takson):	Klad Reptiliomorpha Klad Amniota Klad Synapsida Osborn, 1903
Subgroups
†Diadectomorpha? †Echinerpeton †Protoclepsydrops? †Caseasauria †Caseidae †Eothyrididae †Phreatophasma? Eupelycosauria †Ophiacodontidae †Varanopidae? Haptodontiformes †Edaphosauridae Sphenacodontia
Sinonim
Theropsida Seeley, 1895

Synapsida ('fused arch'), atau theropsida ('wajah hewan'), adalah kelompok hewan yang termasuk mamalia dan segala kerabat dekatnya selain amniota hidup lainnya. Anggota non-mamalia disebut sebagai reptil mirip mammalia dalam sistematika klasik, tetapi disebut "mamalia batang" atau "proto-mammalia" dalam terminologi kladistika.

Taksonomi

Classification

• Series Amniota
  • CLASS SYNAPSIDA *
    • Order Pelycosauria *
      • Suborder Caseasauria
      • Suborder Eupelycosauria *
        • Family Varanopseidae
        • Family Ophiacodontidae
        • Family Edaphosauridae
        • Family Sphenacodontidae *
    • Order Therapsida *
      • Suborder Biarmosuchia *
      • Suborder Dinocephalia
      • Suborder Anomodontia
      • Suborder Gorgonopsia
      • Suborder Therocephalia
      • Suborder Cynodontia *
        • Family Probainognathidae
        • Superfamily Chiniquodontoidea *
  • CLASS MAMMALIA

Filogeni

Synapsida

Caseasauria   Eupelycosauria   Varanopseidae       Ophiacodontidae       Edaphosauridae   Sphenacodontia   Sphenacodontidae   Therapsida Biarmosuchia   Eotitanosuchus     Eutherapsida   Dinocephalia   Neotherapsida   Anomodontia   Theriodontia   Gorgonopsia   Eutheriodontia   Therocephalia   Cynodontia     Dvinia     Procynosuchidae     Epicynodontia   Thrinaxodon   Eucynodontia     Cynognathus   Probainognathia     Trithelodontidae     Chiniquodontidae         Prozostrodon   Mammaliaformes   Mammalia

Catatan

1. David S. Berman (2013). "Diadectomorphs, amniotes or not?". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 60: 22–35. 
2. Jozef Klembara; Miroslav Hain; Marcello Ruta; David S. Berman; Stephanie E. Pierce; Amy C. Henrici (2019). "Inner ear morphology of diadectomorphs and seymouriamorphs (Tetrapoda) uncovered by high‐resolution x‐ray microcomputed tomography, and the origin of the amniote crown group". Palaeontology. 63: 131–154. doi:10.1111/pala.12448 . 
3. Seeley, Harry Govier (1895). "Researches on the Structure, Organisation, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part X. On the Complete Skeleton of an Anomodont Reptile (Aristodesmus rutimeyeri, Wiedersheim), from the Bunter Sandstone of Reihen, near Basel, Giving New Evidence of the Relation of the Anomodontia to the Monotremata". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 59: 167–169. doi:10.1098/rspl.1895.0070 . 
4. Laurin and Reisz 2007.
5. Carroll 1988: 397.
6. Benton 2005: 122.

Referensi

• Benton, Michael J. (2005). Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. ISBN 0-632-05637-1.
• Bramble, D. M. (1993). "Mammalian locomotor-respiratory integration: Implications for diaphragmatic and pulmonary design". Science. 262 (5131): 235–240. doi:10.1126/science.8211141.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
• Carroll, Robert L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-1822-7.
• Hopson, James A. (1987). "The Mammal-Like Reptiles: A Study of Transitional Fossils". The American Biology Teacher. 49 (1): 16–26. 
• Hoyt, Donald F. (1997). Synapsid Reptiles 2009-05-20 di Wayback Machine.. Zoo 138 Vertebrate Zoology Home Page.
• Lambert, David (2001). Dinosaur Encyclopedia. ISBN 0-7894-7935-4.
• Laurin, Michel, and Robert R. Reisz (2007). Synapsida: Mammals and their extinct relatives. Version 6 April 2007. The Tree of Life Web Project.

Bacaan Lanjut

• Colbert, E. H. (1969). Evolution of the Vertebrates (edisi ke-2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 0471164666. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link)

Lihat pula

• Anapsida
• Diapsida
• Euryapsida
• Daftar synapsida
• Klasifikasi mamalia
• Mamalia prasejarah
• Paleontology Vertebrata
• Garis waktu evolusi

Wikispecies mempunyai informasi mengenai Synapsida.

Pranala luar

• Synapsida - Pelycosauria Diarsipkan 2006-03-13 di Archive.is - at Palaeos
• Transitional Vertebrate Fossils - includes description of important transitional genera in the evolutionary sequence linking primitive synapsids to mammals