Hokah Hindustan حق ہ Nastaliq ह क क Dewanagari IPA ˈɦʊqːa 1 2 3 juga disebut shisha 3 adalah alat bertangkai tunggal mau

Hokah (Hindustan: حقّہ (Nastaliq), हुक़्क़ा (Dewanagari), IPA:[ˈɦʊqːa]), juga disebut shisha, adalah alat bertangkai tunggal maupun banyak yang digunakan untuk memanaskan atau menguapkan dan kemudian mengisap suatu zat baik tembakau, tembakau beraroma (umumnya muʽassel), atau terkadang ganja, hasis, dan opium. Asap dilewatkan melalui suatu wadah — umumnya berbahan dasar kaca — sebelum diisap.

Seorang pria merokok menggunakan hokah, Rajasthan, India.

Risiko kesehatan akibat merokok tembakau, ganja, opium, dan obat-obatan lainnya melalui hokah dapat berupa paparan bahan kimia beracun, karsinogen, dan logam berat yang tidak disaring oleh air, serta menyebabkan tertularnya penyakit dan bakteri patogen saat hokah digunakan bergiliran. Penggunaan hokah menjadi masalah kesehatan global, dengan tingkat penggunaan yang tinggi pada populasi di Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara serta pada kaum muda di Amerika Serikat, Eropa, Asia Tengah, dan Asia Selatan.

Hokah ditemukan oleh Abul-Fath Gilani, seorang dokter pribadi Raja Akbar, yang tinggal di Kota Fatehpur Sikri di India pada zaman kejayaan Mughal; lalu menyebar dari anak benua India ke Persia terlebih dahulu ketika mekanismenya dimodifikasi menjadi bentuknya sekarang dan kemudian ke Timur Dekat. Ada juga yang menyebutkan bahwa hokah berasal dari dinasti Safawiyah di Persia, lalu menyebar ke anak benua India.

Meski penggunaan tembakau dan zat adiktif lainnya dianggap tabu ketika hookah pertama kali ditemukan, penggunaannya menjadi semakin populer di kalangan bangsawan dan kemudian diterima secara luas. Secara bertahap, metode membakar tembakau kelak diganti dengan metode penguapan dalam shisha. Hokah asli masih sering digunakan di pedesaan Asia Selatan, yang terus menggunakan tumbak (bentuk kasar dari daun tembakau tanpa rasa) yang kemudian diisap dengan dibakar langsung dengan arang. Meskipun metode ini menghasilkan kandungan tembakau dan nikotin yang jauh lebih tinggi, metode ini juga menimbulkan efek kesehatan yang lebih buruk dibandingkan dengan menguapkan hookah.^{[butuh rujukan]}

Kata hokah berasal dari kata dalam bahasa Hindustan, huqqa, yang berasal dari bahasa Arab (berasal dari حُقَّة ḥuqqah, "botol, bejana"). Di luar daerah asalnya, merokok hokah telah mendapatkan popularitas di seluruh dunia, terutama di kalangan anak muda.

Referensi sunting

The Ceylon Antiquary and Literary Register, Volume 1. The Times. 1916. hlm. 111. It has even drawn largely on English, and such words as daktar and platfarm, isteshan and tikat, trem-ghari and rel-ghari, registran karna and apil karna are as common as similar words are in Ceylon. To make up for it Hindustani has not only enriched the vocabulary of Anglo-Indian English with such words as topi and pugre, oheerot and hookah, dhoby and sepoy, ghary and tamasha, durbar and bukshish, Kachcheri and Punkah, but has contributed to it words like jungle, bazar, [and] loot.
^ Pathak, R. S. (1994). Indianisation of English Language and Literature. Bahri Publications. hlm. 72. Bhabani Bhattacharya, who uses Hindi words like taveez, laddoo, hookah, vaid and halwai, also makes deft employment of reverential term Bai for the heroine besides using exclamatory terms as Ho, Han (yes) and Ram-Ram.
^ Qasim, Hanan; Alarabi, A. B.; Alzoubi, K. H.; Karim, Z. A.; Alshbool, F. Z.; Khasawneh, F. T. (September 2019). (PDF). Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. BioMed Central. 24 (58): 58. doi:10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y. ISSN 1347-4715. PMC 6745078 . PMID 31521105. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 24 April 2021. Diakses tanggal 8 September 2021.
Devichand, Mukul (2007-06-25). "UK | Magazine | Pipe dream". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-03. Despite being a recent addition to British culture, shisha has a long history. Many believe that it originated in India (known there as "hookah") about a thousand years ago, when more often the shisha pipe was used to smoke opium rather than tobacco.
The cyclopaedia of India and of Jordan and eastern and southern Asia, Volume 2. Bernard Quaritch. 1885. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-01. HOOKAH. Hindi. The Indian pipe and apparatus for smoking.
^ Alarabi, A. B.; Karim, Z. A.; Alshbool, F. Z.; Khasawneh, F. T.; Hernandez, Keziah R.; Lozano, Patricia A.; Montes Ramirez, Jean E.; Rivera, José O. (February 2020). "Short-Term Exposure to Waterpipe/Hookah Smoke Triggers a Hyperactive Platelet Activation State and Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 40 (2): 335–349. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313435. ISSN 1079-5642. PMC 7000176 . PMID 31941383.
^ Patel, Mit P.; Khangoora, Vikramjit S.; Marik, Paul E. (October 2019). "A Review of the Pulmonary and Health Impacts of Hookah Use". Annals of the American Thoracic Society. American Thoracic Society. 16 (10): 1215–1219. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201902-129CME. ISSN 2325-6621. PMID 31091965.
^ Etemadi, Arash; Blount, Benjamin C.; Calafat, Antonia M.; Chang, Cindy M.; De Jesus, Victor R.; Poustchi, Hossein; Wang, Lanqing; Pourshams, Akram; Shakeri, Ramin (February 2019). "Urinary Biomarkers of Carcinogenic Exposure among Cigarette, Waterpipe, and Smokeless Tobacco Users and Never Users of Tobacco in the Golestan Cohort Study". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. American Association for Cancer Research. 28 (2): 337–347. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0743. ISSN 1055-9965. PMC 6935158 . PMID 30622099. Parameter |dead-url=Feng tidak valid (bantuan)
^ WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (2015). Advisory note: waterpipe tobacco smoking: health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulator (PDF) (edisi ke-2nd.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Akl, EA; Gaddam, S; Gunukula, SK; Honeine, R; Jaoude, PA; Irani, J (June 2010). "The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: a systematic review". International Journal of Epidemiology. 39 (3): 834–57. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq002. PMID 20207606.
El-Zaatari, ZM; Chami, HA; Zaatari, GS (March 2015). "Health effects associated with waterpipe smoking". Tobacco Control. 24 (Suppl 1): i31–i43. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051908. PMC 4345795 . PMID 25661414.
Sivaramakrishnan, V. M (2001). Tobacco and Areca Nut. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. hlm. 4–5. ISBN 978-81-250-2013-4. The hookah is of historical interest. Portuguese merchants introduced tobacco leaves and European style pipes into Bijapur, the glittering capital of the Adil Shahi kingdom. From here, Asad Beg, the Moghul ambassador in Bijapur, took a large quantity of tobacco leaves and pipes to the Mughal court. He presented Emperor Akbar with some tobacco leaves and a jewel-encrusted European style pope. Out of courtesy and curiosity, Akbar took a few puffs, but his personal physician was worried that tobacco smoke, a hitherto totally unknown substance, might be dangerous. So, he suggested that the smoke be purified by passing it through water, before being inhaled. Thus, the hookah, or water pipe, came into being.
The Wealth of India. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. 1976. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-01. The smoking of hookah and hubble-bubble started in India during the reign of the great Moghul emperor, Akbar
^ Khaled Aljarrah; Zaid Q Ababneh; Wael K Al-Delaimy (2009). "Perceptions of hookah smoking harmfulness: predictors and characteristics among current hookah users". Tobacco Induced Diseases. 5 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/1617-9625-5-16. ISSN 1617-9625. PMC 2806861 . PMID 20021672. Hookahs originated in India in the 15th century and then spread to the Near East countries. Hookahs spread first to Persia and underwent further changes to its original shape to the current known shape. In the middle of the 16th century, hookahs reached the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and other Mediterranean regions.
"ḠALYĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-29. It seems, therfore, [sic] that Abu’l-Fatḥ Gīlānī should be credited with the introduction of the ḡalyān, already in use in Persia, to India.
Nichola Fletcher (1 August 2005). Charlemagne's tablecloth: a piquant history of feasting. Macmillan. hlm. 10. ISBN 9780312340681.
Sandra Alters; Wendy Schiff (28 January 2011). Essential Concepts for Healthy Living Update. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 9780763789756.
Prakash C. Gupta (1992). Control of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases: proceedings of an international symposium, January 15–19, 1990, TIFR, Bombay. Prakash C. Gupta. hlm. 33. ISBN 9780195629613.
Chopra, H. K.; Nanda, Navin C. (2012-12-30). Textbook of Cardiology (A Clinical & Historical Perspective) (dalam bahasa Inggris). JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 978-93-5090-081-9.
Qasim H, Alarabi AB, Alzoubi KH, Karim ZA, Alshbool FZ, Khasawneh FT (September 2019). "The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system". Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 24 (1): 58. doi:10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y. PMC 6745078 . PMID 31521105.
Pathak, R. S. (1994). Indianisation of English Language and Literature. Bahri Publications/. hlm. 24. In the domain of philosophy, religion and fine arts, particularly music, the words come entirely from Hindi-Sanskrit. The commonest ones are puja, bhajan, shastra, purana, karma, vina, raga, etc. Finally, common festivals and socio-cultural institutions throughout the country provide such terms as Holi, Dee(pa)wali, brahmin, sudra, hookah, bidi, budmash, shikari and so on.
Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884). The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary. London: W. H. Allen. Diakses tanggal 30 October 2019.
Brockman, LN; Pumper, MA; Christakis, DA; Moreno, MA (December 2012). "Hookah's new popularity among US college students: a pilot study of the characteristics of hookah smokers and their Facebook displays". BMJ Open. 2. 2 (6): e001709. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001709. PMC 3533013 . PMID 23242241.

[TCALR1916-1] The Ceylon Antiquary and Literary Register, Volume 1. The Times. 1916. hlm. 111. It has even drawn largely on English, and such words as daktar and platfarm, isteshan and tikat, trem-ghari and rel-ghari, registran karna and apil karna are as common as similar words are in Ceylon. To make up for it Hindustani has not only enriched the vocabulary of Anglo-Indian English with such words as topi and pugre, oheerot and hookah, dhoby and sepoy, ghary and tamasha, durbar and bukshish, Kachcheri and Punkah, but has contributed to it words like jungle, bazar, [and] loot.

[1994Pathak-2] Pathak, R. S. (1994). Indianisation of English Language and Literature. Bahri Publications. hlm. 72. Bhabani Bhattacharya, who uses Hindi words like taveez, laddoo, hookah, vaid and halwai, also makes deft employment of reverential term Bai for the heroine besides using exclamatory terms as Ho, Han (yes) and Ram-Ram.

[Environ._Health_Prev._Med.-3] Qasim, Hanan; Alarabi, A. B.; Alzoubi, K. H.; Karim, Z. A.; Alshbool, F. Z.; Khasawneh, F. T. (September 2019). (PDF). Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. BioMed Central. 24 (58): 58. doi:10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y. ISSN 1347-4715. PMC 6745078 . PMID 31521105. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 24 April 2021. Diakses tanggal 8 September 2021.

[Devichand2007-4] Devichand, Mukul (2007-06-25). "UK | Magazine | Pipe dream". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-03. Despite being a recent addition to British culture, shisha has a long history. Many believe that it originated in India (known there as "hookah") about a thousand years ago, when more often the shisha pipe was used to smoke opium rather than tobacco.

[Cyclopædia-5] The cyclopaedia of India and of Jordan and eastern and southern Asia, Volume 2. Bernard Quaritch. 1885. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-01. HOOKAH. Hindi. The Indian pipe and apparatus for smoking.

[Arterioscler._Thromb._Vasc._Biol.-6] Alarabi, A. B.; Karim, Z. A.; Alshbool, F. Z.; Khasawneh, F. T.; Hernandez, Keziah R.; Lozano, Patricia A.; Montes Ramirez, Jean E.; Rivera, José O. (February 2020). "Short-Term Exposure to Waterpipe/Hookah Smoke Triggers a Hyperactive Platelet Activation State and Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 40 (2): 335–349. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313435. ISSN 1079-5642. PMC 7000176 . PMID 31941383.

[Ann._Am._Thorac._Soc.-7] Patel, Mit P.; Khangoora, Vikramjit S.; Marik, Paul E. (October 2019). "A Review of the Pulmonary and Health Impacts of Hookah Use". Annals of the American Thoracic Society. American Thoracic Society. 16 (10): 1215–1219. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201902-129CME. ISSN 2325-6621. PMID 31091965.

[Cancer_Epidemiol._Biomark._Prev.-8] Etemadi, Arash; Blount, Benjamin C.; Calafat, Antonia M.; Chang, Cindy M.; De Jesus, Victor R.; Poustchi, Hossein; Wang, Lanqing; Pourshams, Akram; Shakeri, Ramin (February 2019). "Urinary Biomarkers of Carcinogenic Exposure among Cigarette, Waterpipe, and Smokeless Tobacco Users and Never Users of Tobacco in the Golestan Cohort Study". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. American Association for Cancer Research. 28 (2): 337–347. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0743. ISSN 1055-9965. PMC 6935158 . PMID 30622099. Parameter |dead-url=Feng tidak valid (bantuan)

[WHO15-9] WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (2015). Advisory note: waterpipe tobacco smoking: health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulator (PDF) (edisi ke-2nd.). Geneva: World Health Organization.

[10] Akl, EA; Gaddam, S; Gunukula, SK; Honeine, R; Jaoude, PA; Irani, J (June 2010). "The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: a systematic review". International Journal of Epidemiology. 39 (3): 834–57. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq002. PMID 20207606.

[ElZaatari15-11] El-Zaatari, ZM; Chami, HA; Zaatari, GS (March 2015). "Health effects associated with waterpipe smoking". Tobacco Control. 24 (Suppl 1): i31–i43. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051908. PMC 4345795 . PMID 25661414.

[Sivaramakrishnan4-5-12] Sivaramakrishnan, V. M (2001). Tobacco and Areca Nut. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. hlm. 4–5. ISBN 978-81-250-2013-4. The hookah is of historical interest. Portuguese merchants introduced tobacco leaves and European style pipes into Bijapur, the glittering capital of the Adil Shahi kingdom. From here, Asad Beg, the Moghul ambassador in Bijapur, took a large quantity of tobacco leaves and pipes to the Mughal court. He presented Emperor Akbar with some tobacco leaves and a jewel-encrusted European style pope. Out of courtesy and curiosity, Akbar took a few puffs, but his personal physician was worried that tobacco smoke, a hitherto totally unknown substance, might be dangerous. So, he suggested that the smoke be purified by passing it through water, before being inhaled. Thus, the hookah, or water pipe, came into being.

[Wealth-13] The Wealth of India. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. 1976. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-01. The smoking of hookah and hubble-bubble started in India during the reign of the great Moghul emperor, Akbar

[Aljarrah2009-14] Khaled Aljarrah; Zaid Q Ababneh; Wael K Al-Delaimy (2009). "Perceptions of hookah smoking harmfulness: predictors and characteristics among current hookah users". Tobacco Induced Diseases. 5 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/1617-9625-5-16. ISSN 1617-9625. PMC 2806861 . PMID 20021672. Hookahs originated in India in the 15th century and then spread to the Near East countries. Hookahs spread first to Persia and underwent further changes to its original shape to the current known shape. In the middle of the 16th century, hookahs reached the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and other Mediterranean regions.

[15] "ḠALYĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-29. It seems, therfore, [sic] that Abu’l-Fatḥ Gīlānī should be credited with the introduction of the ḡalyān, already in use in Persia, to India.

[16] Nichola Fletcher (1 August 2005). Charlemagne's tablecloth: a piquant history of feasting. Macmillan. hlm. 10. ISBN 9780312340681.

[common-17] Sandra Alters; Wendy Schiff (28 January 2011). Essential Concepts for Healthy Living Update. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 9780763789756.

[18] Prakash C. Gupta (1992). Control of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases: proceedings of an international symposium, January 15–19, 1990, TIFR, Bombay. Prakash C. Gupta. hlm. 33. ISBN 9780195629613.

[19] Chopra, H. K.; Nanda, Navin C. (2012-12-30). Textbook of Cardiology (A Clinical & Historical Perspective) (dalam bahasa Inggris). JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 978-93-5090-081-9.

[20] Qasim H, Alarabi AB, Alzoubi KH, Karim ZA, Alshbool FZ, Khasawneh FT (September 2019). "The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system". Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 24 (1): 58. doi:10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y. PMC 6745078 . PMID 31521105.

[Pathak1994-21] Pathak, R. S. (1994). Indianisation of English Language and Literature. Bahri Publications/. hlm. 24. In the domain of philosophy, religion and fine arts, particularly music, the words come entirely from Hindi-Sanskrit. The commonest ones are puja, bhajan, shastra, purana, karma, vina, raga, etc. Finally, common festivals and socio-cultural institutions throughout the country provide such terms as Holi, Dee(pa)wali, brahmin, sudra, hookah, bidi, budmash, shikari and so on.

[22] Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884). The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary. London: W. H. Allen. Diakses tanggal 30 October 2019.

[23] Brockman, LN; Pumper, MA; Christakis, DA; Moreno, MA (December 2012). "Hookah's new popularity among US college students: a pilot study of the characteristics of hookah smokers and their Facebook displays". BMJ Open. 2. 2 (6): e001709. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001709. PMC 3533013 . PMID 23242241.