Istilah "Pengungsi Palestina" awalnya mengacu kepada orang Arab dan Yahudi yang tempat tinggal normalnya berada di Mandat Palestina namun mengungsi dan kehilangan mata pencaharian mereka sebagai akibat dari Perang Palestina 1948. Definisi UNRWA mengenai istilah ini mencakup keturunan patrilineal dari "para pengungsi Palestina" awal, tetapi terbatas pada orang-orang yang tinggal di area operasi UNRWA di wilayah Palestina, Lebanon, Yordania, dan Suriah. Pada tahun 2012, ada sekitar 4.950.000 jiwa keturunan patrilineal terdaftar dari para "pengungsi Palestina" awal, berdasarkan persyaratan registrasi UNRWA, dengan perkiraan 1,5 juta jiwa tinggal di kamp-kamp UNRWA, Jumlah pengungsi awal "yang memenuhi kriteria Pengungsi Palestina UNRWA" adalah 711.000 jiwa pada tahun 1950 dengan perkiraan sekitar 30.000–50.000 jiwa masih hidup pada tahun 2012. Istilah ini tidak termasuk pengungsi internal Palestina.
Eksodus Palestina 1948: | 711.000 (perkiraan) |
---|---|
Pengungsi tahun 1948 yang masih hidup (2012): | 30.000 hingga 50.000 (perkiraan) |
Eksodus Palestina 1967: | 280,000 to 325,000 |
Keturunan (2012): | 4.950.000 (perkiraan) |
Total (2015): | 5.149.742 Untuk dasar angka ini juga lihat definisi UNRWA |
---|---|
Region operasi: | Jalur Gaza, Tepi Barat, Lebanon, Suriah, Yordania |
Perkiraan (2015): | 1.049.848–1.380.714 Mengasumsikan sekitar seperempat dari pengungsi tahun 1948 tidak terdaftar |
---|
Total (2014): | 97.212 |
---|---|
Region dengan populasi signifikan: | Negara-negara Teluk, Mesir, Irak, Yaman, serta Australia, Eropa, Suriah dan Amerika |
Selama Perang Palestina 1948, sekitar 85% (720.000 orang) dari populasi Arab Palestina dari wilayah yang menjadi Israel melarikan diri atau diusir dari rumah mereka, menuju Tepi Barat, Jalur Gaza, dan ke negara-negara Lebanon, Suriah, dan Yordania. Mereka, dan keturunan mereka, yang juga berhak untuk mendaftar, dibantu oleh UNWRA di 59 kamp terdaftar, 10 kamp di antaranya didirikan setelah Perang Enam Hari tahun 1967 untuk mengatasi pengungsi baru Palestina. Menjadi satu-satunya pengungsi di dunia yang sebagian besar turun-temurun, termasuk orang-orang yang tidak terdaftar, orang-orang terlantar dan keturunan pengungsi, pengungsi Arab Palestina dan penduduk yang terlantar telah tumbuh menjadi yang terbesar kedua di dunia, setelah diperkirakan 11.000.000 warga Suriah yang mengungsi akibat Perang Saudara Suriah. Mereka juga merupakan populasi pengungsi yang tidak menentu tertua di dunia, berada di bawah pemerintahan negara-negara Arab yang terus-menerus setelah Perang Arab-Israel 1948, populasi pengungsi di Tepi Barat berada di bawah pemerintahan Israel sejak Perang Enam Hari, dan Jalur Gaza yang dikuasai oleh Gerakan Perlawanan Islam (Hamas) sejak tahun 2007. Kewarganegaraan atau tempat tinggal legal di negara tuan rumah ditolak di Lebanon di mana pengintegrasian orang Palestina akan mengganggu keseimbangan pengakuan yang rumit, tetapi diperoleh di Yordania di mana sekitar 40% pengungsi Palestina yang terdaftar di UNWRA telah memperoleh hak kewarganegaraan penuh.
Bacaan lebih lanjut Sunting
- BADIL (2015). "Survey of Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons 2013-2015".
- Bowker, Robert P. G. (2003). Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-58826-202-2
- Esber, Rosemarie M. (2008) Under the Cover of War: the Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Arabicus Books & Media ISBN 978-0-9815131-7-1
- Gelber, Yoav (2006). Palestine 1948. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-84519-075-0.
- Gerson, Allan (1978). Israel, the West Bank and International Law. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-3091-8
- Gunness, Chris (2011). "Exploding the myths: UNRWA, UNHCR and the Palestine refugees". Ma'an News Agency.
- McDowall, David (1989). Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-289-9.
- Morris, Benny (2003). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00967-7
- Morris, Benny, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, (2009) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15112-1
- Reiter, Yitzhak, National Minority, Regional Majority: Palestinian Arabs Versus Jews in Israel (Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution), (2009) Syracuse Univ Press (Sd). ISBN 978-0-8156-3230-6
- Pappe, Ilan (2006). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, London and New York: Oneworld, 2006. ISBN 1-85168-467-0
- Segev, Tom (2007) 1967 Israel, The War and the Year that Transformed the Middle East Little Brown ISBN 978-0-316-72478-4
- Seliktar, Ofira (2002). Divided We Stand: American Jews, Israel, and the Peace Process. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-97408-1
- Tovy, Jacob (2014). Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Issue: The Formulation of a Policy, 1948–1956. Routledge.
- UNDPI (2008). "The Question of Palestine and the United Nations" (PDF). DPI/2499.
- UNRWA; UNHCR (2007). "The United Nations and Palestinian Refugees" (PDF).
Referensi Sunting
- ^ . United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine. 1950. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 20 November 2007.
- ^ "U.S. State Department Affirms Support for 5 Million 'Palestinian Refugees'". The Algemeiner. 30 May 2012. Diakses tanggal 31 May 2012.
[U.S.] Deputy Secretary of State Tom Nides (..) affirmed the State Department's view on the number of Palestinian refugees (..) that the UN and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) "provides essential services for approximately 5 million refugees," (..) Middle East Forum founder Daniel Pipes recently noted in an op-ed for Israel Hayom that only 1 percent of the refugees served by UNRWA fit the agency's definition of "people whose normal place of residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948, who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict." The other 99 percent are descendants of refugees.
- ^ "According to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency – the main body tasked with providing assistance to Palestinian refugees – there are more than 5 million refugees at present. However, the number of Palestinians alive who were personally displaced during Israel's War of Independence is estimated to be around 30,000."US Senate dramatically scales down definition of Palestinian 'refugees'
- Bowker, Robert P. G. (2003). Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-58826-202-2, page 81
- "UNRWA in figures" (PDF). UNRWA.
- ^ UNRWA; UNHCR (2007). "The United Nations and Palestinian Refugees" (PDF).
The vast majority of Palestinian refugees fall under the UNRWA mandate, but there is still a large number living in other countries of the region, such as the Gulf States, Egypt, Iraq or Yemen, or further afield in Australia, Europe and America.
- BADIL 2015, hlm. 52.
- http://www.unhcr.org/statisticalyearbook/2014-annex-tables.zip (Tab2, second column)
- ^ Susan Akram (2011). International law and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 19, 20, 38. ISBN 9780415573221.
The term 'refugees' applies to all persons, Arabs, Jews and others who have been displaced from their homes in Palestine. This would include Arabs in Israel who have been shifted from their normal places of residence. It would also include Jews who had their homes in Arab Palestine, such as the inhabitants of the Jewish quarter of the Old City. It would not include Arabs who lost their lands but not their houses, such as the inhabitants of Tulkarm
- ^ "Consolidated Eligibility and Registration Instructions" (PDF). UNRWA.
Persons who meet UNRWA's Palestine Refugee criteria These are persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict. Palestine Refugees, and descendants of Palestine refugee males, including legally adopted children, are eligible to register for UNRWA services. The Agency accepts new applications from persons who wish to be registered as Palestine Refugees. Once they are registered with UNRWA, persons in this category are referred to as Registered Refugees or as Registered Palestine Refugees.
- (PDF). United Nations. 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 23 July 2008. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2009.
- "Who are Palestine refugees?". Palestine refugees. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees. Diakses tanggal 31 May 2012.
- "Camp Profiles". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. Diakses tanggal 2 July 2015.
- Michael Chiller-Glaus, Tackling the Intractable: Palestinian Refugees and the Search for Middle East Peace, Peter Lang, 2007 p.81-82.
- Morris, Benny (2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab conflict, 1881–2001 (edisi ke-1st Vintage Books). New York: Vintage Books. hlm. 252–258. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7.
- Michael Dumper, 'Introduction,' p. 2.
- UNWRA, Palestine refugees
- Dumper, 'Introduction,'p.6
- Rex Brynen, 'Perspectives on Palestinian repatriation,' in (ed.) Palestinian Refugee Repatriation: Global Perspectives, Taylor & Francis, 2006, pp. 63–86 p. 80.
- Menachem Klein, 'The Palestinian refugees of 1948: models of allowed and denied return,' in Dumper, 2006 pp. 87–106, p. 93.
Esber, Rosemarie M. (2008). Under the Cover of War. The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians, Arabicus Books & Media ISBN 978-0-9815131-7-1
Pranala luar Sunting
- UNRWA Palestinian refugee statistics
- Google map of 58 UNRWA camps with descriptions and photos
- UN refugee agency unveils Palestinian archive