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Penda dari Mercia Penda meninggal 15 November 655 1 merupakan seorang Raja Mercia abad ke 7 kerajaan Anglo Saxon di temp

Penda dari Mercia

Penda (meninggal 15 November 655) merupakan seorang Raja Mercia abad ke-7, kerajaan Anglo-Saxon di tempat yang sekarang adalah The Midlands. Paganisme pada saat Kekristenan menguasai banyak kerajaan Anglo-Saxon, Penda mengambil alih Lembah Severn pada tahun 628 setelah Pertempuran Cirencester sebelum berpartisipasi di dalam kekalahan Kerajaan Northumbria raja Edwin di Pertempuran Hatfield Chase pada tahun 633.

Penda
Jendela kaca patri yang menggambarkan kematian Penda di Pertempuran Winwaed, Katedral Worcester
Berkuasaskt. 626 – 655 M
PendahuluCearl dari Mercia
PenerusPeada dari Mercia
Kelahiranskt. 606 SM
Kematian15 November 655 SM
Diduga Cock Beck yang sekarang Yorkshire di Pertempuran Winwaed
AyahPybba
AnakPeada
Wulfar
Æthelred
Merewalh
Cyneburh
Cyneswith
AgamaPagan

Sembilan tahun kemudian, ia mengalahkan dan membunuh penerus Edwin, Oswald, pada Pertempuran Maserfield; dari titik ini ia mungkin adalah penguasa Anglo-Saxon yang paling berkuasa saat ini, meletakkan fondasi untuk supremasi Mercia atas Heptarkhi Anglo-Saxon. Ia berulang kali mengalahkan Ēast Engla dan mengusir Cenwalh raja Wessex ke pengasingan selama tiga tahun. Ia terus berperang melawan Bernicia dari Northumbria. Tiga belas tahun setelah Maserfield, ia mengalami kekalahan telak oleh pengganti dan saudara Oswald, Ōswīg, dan terbunuh di Pertempuran Winwaed dalam kampanye terakhir melawan Bernicia.

Catatan Sunting

  1. Manuscript A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives the year as 655. Bede also gives the year as 655 and specifies a date, 15 November. R. L. Poole (Studies in Chronology and History, 1934) put forward the theory that Bede began his year in September, and consequently November 655 would actually fall in 654; Frank Stenton also dated events accordingly in his Anglo-Saxon England (1943).1 Others have accepted Bede's given dates as meaning what they appear to mean, considering Bede's year to have begun on 25 December or 1 January (see S. Wood, 1983: "Bede's Northumbrian dates again"). The historian D. P. Kirby suggested the year 656 as a possibility, alongside 655, in case the dates given by Bede are off by one year (see Kirby's "Bede and Northumbrian Chronology", 1963). The Annales Cambriae gives the year as 657. Annales Cambriae at Fordham University
  2. Bede gives the year of Hatfield as 633 (along with the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle); if the theory that Bede's years began in September is employed (see Note 1), then October 633 would actually be in 632, and this dating has sometimes been observed by modern historians such as Stenton (see Note 8). Kirby suggested that the year may have actually been 634, accounting for the possibility that Bede's dates are one year early (see Note 1). Bede gives the specific date of Hatfield as 12 October; Manuscript E of the Chronicle (see Note 10) gives it as 14 October.

Referensi Sunting

  • The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, translated and edited by M. J. Swanton (1996), paperback, ISBN 0-415-92129-5.
  • S. Bassett (ed.), The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms (1989).
  • Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731), Book II and Book III.
  • A. Breeze, "The Battle of the Uinued and the River Went, Yorkshire", Northern History, Vol. 41, Issue 2 (September 2004), pages 377–83.
  • Filppula, M., Klemola, J., Paulasto, H., and Pitkanen, H., (2008) English and Celtic in Contact, Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26602-5
  • D. J. V. Fisher, The Anglo-Saxon Age (1973), Longman, hardback, ISBN 0-582-48277-1, pages 66 and 117–118.
  • Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, translated by D. Greenway (1997), Oxford University Press.
  • N. J. Higham, The Convert Kings: Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England (1997), pages 219, 240 and 241.
  • The Historia Brittonum, Chapters 60 and 65.
  • D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (1991), second edition (2000), Routledge, paperback, ISBN 0-415-24211-8.
  • J. O. Prestwich, "King Æthelhere and the battle of the Winwaed," The English Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 326 (January 1968), pages 89–95.
  • John Rhys, Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx (Oxford University Press 1901).
  • P. Sims-Williams, Religion and Literature [in Western England, 600–800 (Cambridge 1990).
  • C. Stancliffe and E. Cambridge (ed.), Oswald: Northumbrian King to European Saint (1995, reprinted 1996), Paul Watkins, paperback.
  • F. M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (1943), third edition (1971), Oxford University Press, paperback (1989, reissued 1998), ISBN 0-19-282237-3.
  • Tyler, Damian (2005) An Early Mercian Hegemony: Penda and Overkingship in the Seventh Century, in Midland History, Volume XXX, (ed. J. Rohrkasten). Published by the University of Birmingham.
  • A. W. Wade-Evans, The Saxones in the "Excidium Britanniæ", The Celtic Review, Vol. 10, No. 40 (June 1916), pp. 322–333.
  • Ann Williams, Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England (MacMillan Press 1999)
  • M. Ziegler, "", The Heroic Age, Issue 2, Autumn/Winter 1999.

Pranala luar Sunting

  • Penda 1 di Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
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Tanggal penerbitan:
Penda meninggal 15 November 655 1 merupakan seorang Raja Mercia abad ke 7 kerajaan Anglo Saxon di tempat yang sekarang adalah The Midlands Paganisme pada saat Kekristenan menguasai banyak kerajaan Anglo Saxon Penda mengambil alih Lembah Severn pada tahun 628 setelah Pertempuran Cirencester sebelum berpartisipasi di dalam kekalahan Kerajaan Northumbria raja Edwin di Pertempuran Hatfield Chase pada tahun 633 2 PendaJendela kaca patri yang menggambarkan kematian Penda di Pertempuran Winwaed Katedral WorcesterBerkuasaskt 626 655 MPendahuluCearl dari MerciaPenerusPeada dari MerciaKelahiranskt 606 SMKematian15 November 655 SMDiduga Cock Beck yang sekarang Yorkshire di Pertempuran WinwaedAyahPybbaAnakPeadaWulfarAEthelredMerewalhCyneburhCyneswithAgamaPaganSembilan tahun kemudian ia mengalahkan dan membunuh penerus Edwin Oswald pada Pertempuran Maserfield dari titik ini ia mungkin adalah penguasa Anglo Saxon yang paling berkuasa saat ini meletakkan fondasi untuk supremasi Mercia atas Heptarkhi Anglo Saxon Ia berulang kali mengalahkan East Engla dan mengusir Cenwalh raja Wessex ke pengasingan selama tiga tahun Ia terus berperang melawan Bernicia dari Northumbria Tiga belas tahun setelah Maserfield ia mengalami kekalahan telak oleh pengganti dan saudara Oswald Ōswig dan terbunuh di Pertempuran Winwaed dalam kampanye terakhir melawan Bernicia Catatan Sunting Manuscript A of the Anglo Saxon Chronicle gives the year as 655 Bede also gives the year as 655 and specifies a date 15 November R L Poole Studies in Chronology and History 1934 put forward the theory that Bede began his year in September and consequently November 655 would actually fall in 654 Frank Stenton also dated events accordingly in his Anglo Saxon England 1943 1 Others have accepted Bede s given dates as meaning what they appear to mean considering Bede s year to have begun on 25 December or 1 January see S Wood 1983 Bede s Northumbrian dates again The historian D P Kirby suggested the year 656 as a possibility alongside 655 in case the dates given by Bede are off by one year see Kirby s Bede and Northumbrian Chronology 1963 The Annales Cambriae gives the year as 657 Annales Cambriae at Fordham University Bede gives the year of Hatfield as 633 along with the Anglo Saxon Chronicle if the theory that Bede s years began in September is employed see Note 1 then October 633 would actually be in 632 and this dating has sometimes been observed by modern historians such as Stenton see Note 8 Kirby suggested that the year may have actually been 634 accounting for the possibility that Bede s dates are one year early see Note 1 Bede gives the specific date of Hatfield as 12 October Manuscript E of the Chronicle see Note 10 gives it as 14 October Referensi SuntingThe Anglo Saxon Chronicle translated and edited by M J Swanton 1996 paperback ISBN 0 415 92129 5 S Bassett ed The Origins of Anglo Saxon Kingdoms 1989 Bede Ecclesiastical History of the English People 731 Book II and Book III A Breeze The Battle of the Uinued and the River Went Yorkshire Northern History Vol 41 Issue 2 September 2004 pages 377 83 Filppula M Klemola J Paulasto H and Pitkanen H 2008 English and Celtic in Contact Routledge ISBN 0 415 26602 5 D J V Fisher The Anglo Saxon Age 1973 Longman hardback ISBN 0 582 48277 1 pages 66 and 117 118 Henry of Huntingdon Historia Anglorum translated by D Greenway 1997 Oxford University Press N J Higham The Convert Kings Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo Saxon England 1997 pages 219 240 and 241 The Historia Brittonum Chapters 60 and 65 D P Kirby The Earliest English Kings 1991 second edition 2000 Routledge paperback ISBN 0 415 24211 8 J O Prestwich King AEthelhere and the battle of the Winwaed The English Historical Review Vol 83 No 326 January 1968 pages 89 95 John Rhys Celtic Folklore Welsh and Manx Oxford University Press 1901 P Sims Williams Religion and Literature in Western England 600 800 Cambridge 1990 C Stancliffe and E Cambridge ed Oswald Northumbrian King to European Saint 1995 reprinted 1996 Paul Watkins paperback F M Stenton Anglo Saxon England 1943 third edition 1971 Oxford University Press paperback 1989 reissued 1998 ISBN 0 19 282237 3 Tyler Damian 2005 An Early Mercian Hegemony Penda and Overkingship in the Seventh Century in Midland History Volume XXX ed J Rohrkasten Published by the University of Birmingham A W Wade Evans The Saxones in the Excidium Britanniae The Celtic Review Vol 10 No 40 June 1916 pp 322 333 Ann Williams Kingship and Government in Pre Conquest England MacMillan Press 1999 M Ziegler The Politics of Exile in Early Northumbria The Heroic Age Issue 2 Autumn Winter 1999 Pranala luar SuntingPenda 1 di Prosopography of Anglo Saxon England Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Penda dari Mercia amp oldid 13316085