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Pemboikotan bus Montgomery adalah sebuah kampanye politik dan sosial menentang kebijakan segregasi ras pada sistem angku

Pemboikotan bus Montgomery

Pemboikotan bus Montgomery adalah sebuah kampanye politik dan sosial menentang kebijakan segregasi ras pada sistem angkutan umum di Montgomery, Alabama. Hal ini merupakan peristiwa awal dalam berlangsungnya gerakan hak-hak sipil di Amerika Serikat. Kampanye tersebut berlangsung dari 5 Desember 1955—hari Senin setelah Rosa Parks, seorang wanita Afrika-Amerika, ditangkap karena penolakannya untuk menyerahkan kursinya kepada orang kulit putih—berakhir 20 Desember 1956, ketika keputusan federal Browder v. Gayle mulai berlaku, menghasilkan keputusan Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat yang menyatakan undang-undang Alabama dan Montgomery bahwa bus terpisah tidak konstitusional.

Pemboikotan bus Montgomery
Bagian dari Gerakan Hak-Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika
Rosa Parks saat sidik jarinya diambil oleh Deputi Sheriff D.H. Lackey setelah penangkapannya karena memboikot transportasi umum
Tanggal05 Desember 1955 (1955-12-05) – 20 Desember 1956 (1956-12-20)
LokasiMontgomery, Alabama, A.S.
Sebab
  • Penerapan pemisahan ras di moda transportasi umum
  • Keberhasilan Boikot bus Baton Rouge selama enam hari
  • Claudette Colvin ditangkap
  • Rosa Parks ditangkap
Hasil
Pihak terlibat
  • Women's Political Council (WPC)
  • Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
  • Komisi Kota Montgomery
  • National City Lines
  • Garis Kota Montgomery
  • Montgomery Citizens Council
    • Tokoh utama

    Anggota WPC

    • Jo Ann Robinson

    Anggota MIA

    Komisi Kota

    • W. A. Gayle, Presiden Komisi (walikota)
    • Frank Parks, Komisaris
    • Penjual Clyde, Komisaris Polisi

    Garis Kota Nasional

    • Kenneth E. Totten, wakil presiden

    Garis Kota Montgomery

    • J.H. Bagley, manajer
    • Jack Crenshaw, pengacara
    • James F. Blake, sopir bus

    Referensi sunting

    1. "Montgomery Bus Boycott". Civil Rights Movement Archive. 
    2. Gallagher, Charles A.; Lippard, Cameron D., ed. (2014). Race and Racism in the United States: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 807. ISBN 9781440803468. 

    Daftar pustaka sunting

    • Berg, Allison, "Trauma and Testimony in Black Women's Civil Rights Memoirs: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, Warriors Don't Cry, and From the Mississippi ContributionsDelta", Journal of Women's History, 21 (Fall 2009), 84–107.
    • Branch, Taylor. Parting The Waters: America In The King Years, 1954-63 (1988; New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1989). ISBN 0-671-68742-5
    • Carson, Clayborne, et al., editors, Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader: documents, speeches, and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle (New York:Penguin Books, 1991). ISBN 0-14-015403-5
    • Freedman, Russell, "Freedom Walkers: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott"
    • Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. (1986) ISBN 0-394-75623-1
    • Garrow, David J., editor, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1987). ISBN 0-87049-527-5
    • King, Martin Luther, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom. ISBN 0-06-250490-8
    • Morris, Aldon D., The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing For Change (New York: The Free Press, 1984). ISBN 0-02-922130-7
    • Parks, Rosa (1992). My Story. New York: Dial Books. 
    • Raines, Howell, My Soul Is Rested: The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South. ISBN 0-14-006753-1
    • Robnett, Belinda. How Long? How Long?: African American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights. Oxford University Press. (1997) ISBN 978-0195114904
    • Thornton III, J. Mills. "Challenge and Response in the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955–1956." Alabama Review 67.1 (2014): 40–112.
    • Thornton III, J. Mills. Dividing Lines: Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma (2002) excerpt
    • Walsh, Frank, Landmark Events in American History: The Montgomery Bus Boycott.
    • Williams, Juan, Eyes on The Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Penguin Books, 1988). ISBN 0-14-009653-1

    Pranala luar sunting

    Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Montgomery Bus Boycott.
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    Tanggal penerbitan:
    Pemboikotan bus Montgomery adalah sebuah kampanye politik dan sosial menentang kebijakan segregasi ras pada sistem angkutan umum di Montgomery Alabama Hal ini merupakan peristiwa awal dalam berlangsungnya gerakan hak hak sipil di Amerika Serikat Kampanye tersebut berlangsung dari 5 Desember 1955 hari Senin setelah Rosa Parks seorang wanita Afrika Amerika ditangkap karena penolakannya untuk menyerahkan kursinya kepada orang kulit putih berakhir 20 Desember 1956 ketika keputusan federal Browder v Gayle mulai berlaku menghasilkan keputusan Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat yang menyatakan undang undang Alabama dan Montgomery bahwa bus terpisah tidak konstitusional 1 2 Pemboikotan bus MontgomeryBagian dari Gerakan Hak Hak Sipil Afrika AmerikaRosa Parks saat sidik jarinya diambil oleh Deputi Sheriff D H Lackey setelah penangkapannya karena memboikot transportasi umumTanggal05 Desember 1955 1955 12 05 20 Desember 1956 1956 12 20 LokasiMontgomery Alabama A S SebabPenerapan pemisahan ras di moda transportasi umum Keberhasilan Boikot bus Baton Rouge selama enam hari Claudette Colvin ditangkap Rosa Parks ditangkapHasilBrowder v Gayle 1956 Munculnya Martin Luther King Jr Menginspirasi Pemboikotan bus Tallahassee Terbentuknya Southern Christian Leadership Conference SCLC Pihak terlibatWomen s Political Council WPC Montgomery Improvement Association MIA Komisi Kota Montgomery National City Lines Garis Kota Montgomery Montgomery Citizens CouncilTokoh utamaAnggota WPC Jo Ann RobinsonAnggota MIA Martin Luther King Jr E D Nixon Rosa Parks Fred Gray Komisi Kota W A Gayle Presiden Komisi walikota Frank Parks Komisaris Penjual Clyde Komisaris PolisiGaris Kota Nasional Kenneth E Totten wakil presidenGaris Kota Montgomery J H Bagley manajer Jack Crenshaw pengacara James F Blake sopir busReferensi sunting Montgomery Bus Boycott Civil Rights Movement Archive Gallagher Charles A Lippard Cameron D ed 2014 Race and Racism in the United States An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic ABC CLIO hlm 807 ISBN 9781440803468 Daftar pustaka suntingBerg Allison Trauma and Testimony in Black Women s Civil Rights Memoirs The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It Warriors Don t Cry and From the Mississippi ContributionsDelta Journal of Women s History 21 Fall 2009 84 107 Branch Taylor Parting The Waters America In The King Years 1954 63 1988 New York Simon amp Schuster Touchstone 1989 ISBN 0 671 68742 5 Carson Clayborne et al editors Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader documents speeches and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle New York Penguin Books 1991 ISBN 0 14 015403 5 Freedman Russell Freedom Walkers The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott Garrow David J Bearing the Cross Martin Luther King Jr and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1986 ISBN 0 394 75623 1 Garrow David J editor The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson Knoxville The University of Tennessee Press 1987 ISBN 0 87049 527 5 King Martin Luther Jr Stride Toward Freedom ISBN 0 06 250490 8 Morris Aldon D The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement Black Communities Organizing For Change New York The Free Press 1984 ISBN 0 02 922130 7 Parks Rosa 1992 My Story New York Dial Books Raines Howell My Soul Is Rested The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South ISBN 0 14 006753 1 Robnett Belinda How Long How Long African American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights Oxford University Press 1997 ISBN 978 0195114904 Thornton III J Mills Challenge and Response in the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 1956 Alabama Review 67 1 2014 40 112 Thornton III J Mills Dividing Lines Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery Birmingham and Selma 2002 excerpt Walsh Frank Landmark Events in American History The Montgomery Bus Boycott Williams Juan Eyes on The Prize America s Civil Rights Years 1954 1965 New York Penguin Books 1988 ISBN 0 14 009653 1Pranala luar sunting nbsp Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Montgomery Bus Boycott Alabama Civil Rights Collection Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists at Penn State University includes oral history interviews and materials concerning Montgomery Bus Boycott Montgomery Bus Boycott article Encyclopedia of Alabama Diarsipkan 2013 05 14 di Wayback Machine Montgomery Bus Boycott Story of Montgomery Bus Boycott Encyclopedia entry on the Montgomery Bus Boycott Includes cross referenced text historical documents and streaming audio presented by the King Research Institute at Stanford University The Montgomery Bus Boycott African American History Montgomery Bus Boycott Civil Rights Movement Archive Learning From Rosa Parks The Indypendent Montgomery Bus Boycott Presented by the Montgomery Advertiser Diarsipkan December 13 2012 di Wayback Machine Civil Rights Era Mug Shots Montgomery County Sheriff s Office Alabama Department of Archives amp History Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story Comic Book 1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott Documents Online collection of original boycott documents and articles by participants Civil Rights Movement Archive Montgomery Bus Boycott Civil Rights Digital Library The Boycott The Rebellious Life of Mrs Rosa Parks Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Pemboikotan bus Montgomery amp oldid 23747266