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Pelarian modal manusia kadang disebut pengurasan keterampilan bahasa Inggris brain drain mengacu pada perpindahan orang

Pelarian modal manusia

Pelarian modal manusia, kadang disebut pengurasan keterampilan (bahasa Inggris: brain drain), mengacu pada perpindahan orang-orang pintar dan terdidik demi mencari upah atau kondisi kerja yang lebih baik sehingga negara asalnya kehilangan orang-orang atau "otak" terampil. Orang-orang yang melakukan perpindahan ini biasanya menguasai bahasa Inggris dan pindah ke Britania Raya, Amerika Serikat, atau negara penutur bahasa Inggris lainnya. Pengurasan keterampilan sering terjadi di negara berkembang, terutama bekas koloni Britania Raya di Afrika, negara-negara pulau di Karibia, dan negara yang ekonominya terpusat seperti Jerman Timur dan Uni Soviet. Cina dan India menempati posisi teratas negara yang mengalami eksodus orang-orang terampil dan cerdas lewat proses pelarian modal manusia.

Fisikawan teori Albert Einstein adalah contoh pelarian modal manusia akibat perubahan politik. Ia pindah ke Amerika Serikat untuk menghindari penindasan Nazi.

Istilah pengurasan keterampilan juga digunakan untuk menyebut orang-orang yang gagal menyelesaikan tugas tertentu karena mengalami tekanan keras.

Lihat pula Sunting

Referensi Sunting

Catatan kaki Sunting

  1. "Brain drain costs Africa billions". BBC. 2001-10-17. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-01. 
  2. "Caribbean 'brain-drain' worsens". BBCCaribbean. 2006-02-20. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-01. 
  3. http://www.who.int/whr/2006/06_chap5_en.pdf P.6, retrieved 26 November 2014

Daftar pustaka Sunting

  • Boeri, Tito, Herbert Brücker, Frédéric Docquier, and Hillel Rapoport (eds) Brain Drain and Brain Gain: The Global Competition to Attract High-Skilled Migrants, Oxford University Press (2012)
  • Lincoln C. Chen, M.D., and Jo Ivey Boufford, M.D. "Fatal Flows Doctors on the Move" New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 353:1850–1852 October 27, 2005, Number 17 online version, editorial
  • Cheng, L., & Yang, P. Q. "Global interaction, global inequality, and migration of the highly trained to the United States. International Migration Review, (1998). 32, 626–94.
  • Jeff Colgan, The Promise and Peril of International Trade, (2005) ch 9.
  • David Heenan.Flight Capital: The Alarming Exodus of America's Best and Brightest (2005), brain drain in reverse as immigrants return home
  • Kapur, Devesh; McHale, John (2005). "Give Us Your Best and Brightest: The Global Hunt for Talent and Its Impact on the Developing World: Center for Global Development: Publications". Cgdev.org. 
  • Dowty, Alan (1989). Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04498-4. 
  • Harrison, Hope Millard (2003). Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09678-3. 
  • Johnson, Jean and Mark Regets, 1998, International Mobility of Scientists and Engineers to the United States: Brain Drain or Brain Circulation, National Science Foundation (NSF 98-316) [1] 2015-06-27 di Wayback Machine.
  • Kemp, Paul. Goodbye Canada? (2003), from Canada to U.S.
  • Khadria, Binod. The Migration of Knowledge Workers: Second-Generation Effects of India's Brain Drain, (2000)
  • Kuznetsov, Yevgeny. Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills: How Countries Can Draw on Their Talent Abroad (2006)
  • D. W. Livingstone; The Education-Jobs Gap: Underemployment or Economic Democracy (1998), focus on Canada online edition
  • Douglas S. Massey and J. Edward Taylor; International Migration: Prospects and Policies in a Global Market, (2003) online edition
  • Mullan, Fitzhugh. "The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain." New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 353:1810–1818 October 27, 2005, Number 17 online version
  • Caglar Ozden and Maurice Schiff. International Migration, Remittances, and Brain Drain. (2005)
  • Ransford W. Palmer; In Search of a Better Life: Perspectives on Migration from the Caribbean Praeger Publishers, 1990 online edition
  • Regets, Mark, 2001, Research and Policy Issues in High-Skilled International Migration, Institute for the Study of Labor, September 2001, [2][pranala nonaktif permanen]
  • Pearson, Raymond (1998). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire. Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-17407-1. 
  • Ronald Skeldon and Wang Gungwu; Reluctant Exiles? Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese 1994 online edition
  • Michael Peter Smith and Adrian Favell. The Human Face of Global Mobility: International Highly Skilled Migration in Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific, (2006)
  • Thackeray, Frank W. (2004). Events that changed Germany. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32814-5. 
  • David Zweig, Chen Changgui, and Stanley Rosen; China's Brain Drain to the United States: Views of Overseas Chinese Students and Scholars in the 1990s Institute of East Asian Studies, 1995 online edition
  • Sami Mahroum. Highly skilled globetrotters: mapping the international migration of human capital. S Mahroum - R&D Management, 2000.

Pranala luar Sunting

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Tanggal penerbitan:
Pelarian modal manusia kadang disebut pengurasan keterampilan bahasa Inggris brain drain mengacu pada perpindahan orang orang pintar dan terdidik demi mencari upah atau kondisi kerja yang lebih baik sehingga negara asalnya kehilangan orang orang atau otak terampil Orang orang yang melakukan perpindahan ini biasanya menguasai bahasa Inggris dan pindah ke Britania Raya Amerika Serikat atau negara penutur bahasa Inggris lainnya Pengurasan keterampilan sering terjadi di negara berkembang terutama bekas koloni Britania Raya di Afrika 1 negara negara pulau di Karibia 2 dan negara yang ekonominya terpusat seperti Jerman Timur dan Uni Soviet Cina dan India menempati posisi teratas negara yang mengalami eksodus orang orang terampil dan cerdas lewat proses pelarian modal manusia Fisikawan teori Albert Einstein adalah contoh pelarian modal manusia akibat perubahan politik Ia pindah ke Amerika Serikat untuk menghindari penindasan Nazi Istilah pengurasan keterampilan juga digunakan untuk menyebut orang orang yang gagal menyelesaikan tugas tertentu karena mengalami tekanan keras 3 Daftar isi 1 Lihat pula 2 Referensi 2 1 Catatan kaki 2 2 Daftar pustaka 3 Pranala luarLihat pula SuntingKonvergensi ekonomi Memilih dengan kaki Modal manusia Imigrasi Modal instruksional Masalah penumpang Canadians of convenience Migrasi Besar Afrika Amerika Pengurasan keterampilan terbalik Emigrasi dari KolombiaReferensi SuntingCatatan kaki Sunting Brain drain costs Africa billions BBC 2001 10 17 Diakses tanggal 2008 06 01 Caribbean brain drain worsens BBCCaribbean 2006 02 20 Diakses tanggal 2008 06 01 http www who int whr 2006 06 chap5 en pdf P 6 retrieved 26 November 2014 Daftar pustaka Sunting Boeri Tito Herbert Brucker Frederic Docquier and Hillel Rapoport eds Brain Drain and Brain Gain The Global Competition to Attract High Skilled Migrants Oxford University Press 2012 Lincoln C Chen M D and Jo Ivey Boufford M D Fatal Flows Doctors on the Move New England Journal of Medicine Volume 353 1850 1852 October 27 2005 Number 17 online version editorial Cheng L amp Yang P Q Global interaction global inequality and migration of the highly trained to the United States International Migration Review 1998 32 626 94 Jeff Colgan The Promise and Peril of International Trade 2005 ch 9 David Heenan Flight Capital The Alarming Exodus of America s Best and Brightest 2005 brain drain in reverse as immigrants return home Kapur Devesh McHale John 2005 Give Us Your Best and Brightest The Global Hunt for Talent and Its Impact on the Developing World Center for Global Development Publications Cgdev org Dowty Alan 1989 Closed Borders The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 04498 4 Harrison Hope Millard 2003 Driving the Soviets Up the Wall Soviet East German Relations 1953 1961 Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 09678 3 Johnson Jean and Mark Regets 1998 International Mobility of Scientists and Engineers to the United States Brain Drain or Brain Circulation National Science Foundation NSF 98 316 1 Diarsipkan 2015 06 27 di Wayback Machine Kemp Paul Goodbye Canada 2003 from Canada to U S Khadria Binod The Migration of Knowledge Workers Second Generation Effects of India s Brain Drain 2000 Kuznetsov Yevgeny Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills How Countries Can Draw on Their Talent Abroad 2006 D W Livingstone The Education Jobs Gap Underemployment or Economic Democracy 1998 focus on Canada online edition Douglas S Massey and J Edward Taylor International Migration Prospects and Policies in a Global Market 2003 online edition Mullan Fitzhugh The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain New England Journal of Medicine Volume 353 1810 1818 October 27 2005 Number 17 online version Caglar Ozden and Maurice Schiff International Migration Remittances and Brain Drain 2005 Ransford W Palmer In Search of a Better Life Perspectives on Migration from the Caribbean Praeger Publishers 1990 online edition Regets Mark 2001 Research and Policy Issues in High Skilled International Migration Institute for the Study of Labor September 2001 2 pranala nonaktif permanen Pearson Raymond 1998 The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire Macmillan ISBN 0 312 17407 1 Ronald Skeldon and Wang Gungwu Reluctant Exiles Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese 1994 online edition Michael Peter Smith and Adrian Favell The Human Face of Global Mobility International Highly Skilled Migration in Europe North America and the Asia Pacific 2006 Thackeray Frank W 2004 Events that changed Germany Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0 313 32814 5 David Zweig Chen Changgui and Stanley Rosen China s Brain Drain to the United States Views of Overseas Chinese Students and Scholars in the 1990s Institute of East Asian Studies 1995 online edition Sami Mahroum Highly skilled globetrotters mapping the international migration of human capital S Mahroum R amp D Management 2000 Pranala luar SuntingMoving Here Staying Here The Canadian Immigrant Experience Diarsipkan 2007 09 30 di Wayback Machine Immigration Annual Report of the Minister of the Province of Canada for the Year 1865 at Library and Archives Canada Mark Regets Research Issues in the International Migration of Highly Skilled Workers Diarsipkan 2012 10 17 di Wayback Machine National Science Foundation SRS 07 203 June 2007 Mario Cervantes and Dominique Guellec The brain drain Old myths new realities Brain Drain Brain Gain How Extensive Is the Brain Drain An article on the extent of brain drain today Sami Mahroum Europe and the Challenge of the Brain Drain Diarsipkan 2008 07 16 di Wayback Machine US Census Bureau report on migration of the young and educated PDF 210 KB SciDev net Brain Drain Diarsipkan 2008 02 16 di Wayback Machine How To Plug Europe s Brain Drain Time Europe accessed October 9 2006 Diarsipkan 2008 08 20 di Wayback Machine Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Pelarian modal manusia amp oldid 22478805