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Nootropika pengucapan n oʊ e ˈ t r ɒ p ɪ k s noh e TROP iks adalah obat obatan suplemen atau substansi lainnya yang dapat memperbaiki fungsi kognitif terutama fungsi eksekutif ingatan kreativitas atau motivasi pada individu individu yang sehat 1 2 Penggunaan obat yang memperkuat fungsi kognisi oleh individu individu yang sehat merupakan salah satu topik yang paling diperdebatkan oleh ahli neurosains psikiatri dan kedokteran yang berkaitan dengan beberapa isu seperti etika efek samping dan penyalahgunaan obat preskripsi untuk kegunaan nonmedis 1 3 4 Meskipun begitu penjualan suplemen nootropika melebihi US 1 miliar pada tahun 2015 dan permintaan terus menguat 5 Istilah nootropika dicetuskan pada tahun 1972 oleh psikolog dan ahli kimia Rumania Corneliu E Giurgea 6 7 dan berasal dari kata dalam bahasa Yunani noῦs nous yang berarti pikiran dan trepein trepein yang berarti berputar atau berbalik 8 Saat ini hanya sedikit obat yang diketahui dapat memperkuat aspek kognitif Obat obatan nootropika lainnya masih dikembangkan 9 Kategori obat yang paling sering digunakan adalah stimulan seperti kafeina 10 Mahasiswa mahasiswa telah menggunakan substansi nootropika untuk meningkatkan produktivitas terutama pada mereka yang masuk ke perguruan tinggi yang sangat kompetitif 11 Menurut survei 0 7 hingga 4 5 mahasiswa Jerman telah menggunakan substansi nootropika dalam hidup mereka 12 13 14 Stimulan seperti dimetilamilamin dan metilfenidat telah digunakan di kampus dan oleh kelompok yang lebih muda 9 Berdasarkan penelitian penggunaan stimulan secara ilegal 5 hingga 35 siswa college telah menggunakan stimulan stimulan untuk penyakit ADHD dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan performa akademis 15 16 17 Catatan kaki sunting a b Frati P Kyriakou C Del Rio A Marinelli E Vergallo GM Zaami S Busardo FP January 2015 Smart drugs and synthetic androgens for cognitive and physical enhancement revolving doors of cosmetic neurology Curr Neuropharmacol 13 1 5 11 doi 10 2174 1570159X13666141210221750 PMC 4462043 nbsp PMID 26074739 Lanni C Lenzken SC Pascale A et al March 2008 Cognition enhancers between treating and doping the mind Pharmacol Res 57 3 196 213 doi 10 1016 j phrs 2008 02 004 PMID 18353672 Albertson TE Chenoweth JA Colby DK Sutter ME 2016 The Changing Drug Culture Use and Misuse of Cognition Enhancing Drugs FP Essent 441 25 9 PMID 26881770 Greely H Sahakian B Harris J Kessler RC Gazzaniga M Campbell P Farah MJ 2008 Towards responsible use of cognitive enhancing drugs by the healthy Nature 456 7223 702 5 doi 10 1038 456702a PMID 19060880 Chinthapalli K September 2015 The billion dollar business of being smart BMJ 351 h4829 doi 10 1136 bmj h4829 PMID 26370589 International sales of non prescription supplements for cognition also exceed 1bn 650 000 880 000 a year and are rapidly growing Ginkgo biloba vitamins and even caffeine are common ingredients Some add piracetam related to the epilepsy drug levetiracetam jellyfish proteins or even edible pure 23 5 carat gold flakes Gazzaniga Michael S 2006 The Ethical Brain The Science of Our Moral Dilemmas P S New York N Y Harper Perennial hlm 184 ISBN 0 06 088473 8 Giurgea C 1972 Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology Vers une pharmacologie de l active integrative du cerveau Tentative du concept nootrope en psychopharmacologie Actual Pharmacol Paris dalam bahasa French 25 115 56 PMID 4541214 Pemeliharaan CS1 Bahasa yang tidak diketahui link nootropicTranslation Diakses tanggal October 6 2014 a b Sahakian B Morein Zamir S December 2007 Professor s little helper Nature 450 7173 1157 9 Bibcode 2007Natur 450 1157S doi 10 1038 4501157a PMID 18097378 Greely Henry Sahakian Barbara Harris John Kessler Ronald C Gazzaniga Michael Campbell Philip Farah Martha J December 10 2008 Towards responsible use of cognitive enhancing drugs by the healthy Nature Nature Publishing Group 456 7223 702 705 Bibcode 2008Natur 456 702G doi 10 1038 456702a ISSN 1476 4687 OCLC 01586310 PMID 19060880 Diakses tanggal March 25 2014 Perlu berlangganan help McCabe Sean Esteban Knight John R Teter Christian J Wechsler Henry January 1 2005 Non medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students prevalence and correlates from a national survey Addiction 100 1 96 106 doi 10 1111 j 1360 0443 2005 00944 x PMID 15598197 Sattler S Sauer C Mehlkop G Graeff P 2013 The Rationale for Consuming Cognitive Enhancement Drugs in University Students and Teachers PLoS ONE 8 7 e68821 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0068821 PMC 3714277 nbsp PMID 23874778 Sattler Sebastian Wiegel Constantin February 25 2013 Cognitive Test Anxiety and Cognitive Enhancement The Influence of Students Worries on Their Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs Substance Use amp Misuse Informa Healthcare New York 48 3 220 232 doi 10 3109 10826084 2012 751426 Diakses tanggal April 5 2014 Bossaer John The Use and Misuse of Prescription Stimulants as Cognitive Enhancers by Students at One Academic Health Sciences Center Academic Medicine Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 10 2015 Diakses tanggal October 6 2014 Overall 11 3 of responders admitted to misusing prescription stimulants There was more misuse by respiratory therapy students although this was not statistically significant 10 9 medicine 9 7 pharmacy 26 3 respiratory therapy P 087 Reasons for prescription stimulant misuse included to enhance alertness energy 65 9 to improve academic performance 56 7 to experiment 18 2 and to use recreationally get high 4 5 Teter CJ McCabe SE LaGrange K Cranford JA Boyd CJ October 2006 Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students prevalence motives and routes of administration Pharmacotherapy 26 10 1501 1510 doi 10 1592 phco 26 10 1501 PMC 1794223 nbsp PMID 16999660 Weyandt LL Oster DR Marraccini ME Gudmundsdottir BG Munro BA Zavras BM Kuhar B September 2014 Pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults with ADHD stimulant and nonstimulant medications and misuse of prescription stimulants Psychol Res Behav Manag 7 223 249 doi 10 2147 PRBM S47013 PMC 4164338 nbsp PMID 25228824 misuse of prescription stimulants has become a serious problem on college campuses across the US and has been recently documented in other countries as well Indeed large numbers of students claim to have engaged in the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants which is reflected in lifetime prevalence rates of prescription stimulant misuse ranging from 5 to nearly 34 of students Clemow DB Walker DJ September 2014 The potential for misuse and abuse of medications in ADHD a review Postgrad Med 126 5 64 81 doi 10 3810 pgm 2014 09 2801 PMID 25295651 Overall the data suggest that ADHD medication misuse and diversion are common health care problems for stimulant medications with the prevalence believed to be approximately 5 to 10 of high school students and 5 to 35 of college students depending on the study nbsp Artikel bertopik kedokteran 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