Malleus Maleficarum

Untuk album, lihat Malleus Maleficarum (album). Untuk episode Supernatural, lihat Malleus Maleficarum (Supernatural). Untuk lagu karya AFI, lihat Black Sails in the Sunset.

"Hammer of witches" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk album Cradle of Filth, lihat Hammer of the Witches. Untuk film, lihat Witchhammer.

Malleus Maleficarum, biasanya diterjemahkan menjadi Hammer of Witches, adalah risalah terkenal dan paling berpengaruh tentang penyihir. Karya tersebut ditulis oleh rohaniwan Katolik yang didiskreditkan Heinrich Kramer (di bawah namanya yang di-Latinisasi Henricus Institoris) dan pertama kali terbit di kota Speyer, Jerman pada 1487. Karya tersebut menimbulkan terjadinya penumpasan para penyihir dan untuk keperluan mengembangkan teori teologi dan hukum mendetil. Karya tersebut menjadi karya berpenjualan terbaik, kedua hanya setelah Alkitab dalam hal penjualan selama hampir 200 tahun. Para teolog papan atas dari Inkuisisi di Fakultas Koln menentang buku tersebut karena merekomendasikan prosedur ilegal dan tak beretika, serta tak sejalan dengan doktrin demonologi Katolik.

Malleus Maleficarum
Hammer of Witches
Laman judul dari edisi Koln ketujuh dari Malleus Maleficarum, 1520 (dari University of Sydney Library). Judul Latinnya adalah "MALLEUS MALEFICARUM, Maleficas, & earum hæresim, ut phramea potentissima conterens." (umumnya diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai The Hammer of Witches which destroyeth Witches and their heresy as with a two-edged sword).
Judul	Malleus Maleficarum
Juga dikenal sebagai	Hammer of Witches
Pengarang	Heinrich Kramer dan Jacob Sprenger
Bahasa	Latin
Tanggal	1486
Tanggal pengedaran	1487

Referensi

Catatan

1. Terjemahan alternatif: The Witch Hammer, Hammer for Sorceresses , Hammer Against Witches, Hammer For Witches

Kutipan

1. The English translation is from this note to Summers' 1928 introduction 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine..
2. Translator Montague Summers consistently uses "the Malleus Maleficarum" (or simply "the Malleus") in his 1928 and 1948 introductions. . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-07-18. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-05.  . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-06-07. Diakses tanggal 2007-06-01. 
3. In his translation of the Malleus Maleficarum, Christopher S. Mackay explains the terminology at length – sorcerer is used to preserve the relationship of the Latin terminology. '"Malefium" = act of sorcery (literally an act of 'evil-doing'), while "malefica" = female performers of sorcery (evil deeds) and "maleficus" = male performer of evil deeds; sorcery, sorceress, and sorcerer."
4. Guiley (2008), hlm. 223'.
5. Mackay (2009).
6. Mackay (2009), hlm. 1.
7. Summers (2012), hlm. vii, Introduction to 1948 edition: "It is hardly disputed that in the whole vast literature of witchcraft, the most prominent, the most important, the most authoritative volume is the Malleus Maleficarum" (The Witch Hammer) of Heinrich Kramer (Henricus Institioris) and James Sprenger."
8. Ruickbie (2004), 71, highlights the problems of dating; Ankarloo (2002), 239
9. Broedel (2003), hlm. 175: "Institoris and Sprenger's innovation was not their insistence that women were naturally prone to practice maleficium – in this they were simply following long-standing clerical traditions. Rather, it was their claim that harmful magic belonged exclusively to women that was new. If this assertion was granted, then the presence of maleficium indicated decisively the presence of a female witch. In the Malleus, the field of masculine magic is dramatically limited and male magicians are pointedly marginalized; magic is no longer seen as a range of practices, some of which might be more characteristic of men, some of women, and some equally prevalent among both sexes. Instead, it was the effects of magic that mattered most, and harmful magic, the magic most characteristic of witches, belonged to women. Men might be learned magicians, anomalous archer wizards, or witch-doctors and superstitiosi, but very seldom did they work the broad range of maleficium typical of witches."
10. Pavlac (2009), hlm. 57: "Many historians also blame Krämer for encouraging witch hunters to target women more than men as witches. Even his spelling of "maleficarum," with an a in a feminine gender instead of the usual masculine-gender "maleficorum" with an o, seems to emphasize his hostility toward women. Krämer's misogynistic arguments list many reasons why women were more likely to be witches than men. They were less clever, vainer, and more sexually insatiable. While these were not new criticisms against women, Krämer helped to entrench them in strixological literature."
11. Guiley (2008), hlm. 223: "Kramer in particular exhibited a virulent hatred toward women witches and advocated their extermination. The Malleus devotes an entire chapter to the sinful weakness of women, their lascivious nature, moral and intellectual inferiority and gullibility to guidance from deceiving spirits. In Kramer's view, women witches were out to harm all of Christendom.
    Scholars have debated the reasons for Kramer's misogyny; he may have had a fear of the power of women mystics of his day, such as Catherine of Siena, who enjoyed the attentions of royalty as well as the church."
12. Burns (2003), hlm. 160`: "One element distinguishing Malleus Maleficarum from other demonologies is its obsessive hatred of women and sex, which seems to reflect Kramer's own twisted psyche.
    [...] Kramer's interpretation of why women were more likely to be witches also differed somewhat from the standard. Kramer did accept the standard argument of misogynist demonologists that the female propensity for witchcraft was in part due to female weakness. He even derived the Latin word for woman, femina, from fe minus — 'less in faith.' He placed more emphasis on supposedly insatiable female sexuality than on female weakness, however. Kramer saw sex as the root of all sin, as that for which Adam and Eve originally fell. [...] He also suspected that the reluctance of many great ones in the land to prosecute witches was caused by their reception of demonic sexual favors. Kramer also discussed witch-caused impotence at length, going so far as to claim that witches had the ability to steal men's penises through illusion."
13. Brauner (2001), hlm. 35-36: "Kramer and Sprenger present an array of observations from the Bible, the church fathers, and the poets and philosophers of antiquity to support their contention that women are by nature greedy, unintelligent, and governed by passions. They argue that the evil of women stems from their physical and mental imperfections, a notion derived from Aristotle's theory that matter, perfection, and spirituality are purely expressed in the male body alone, and that women are misbegotten males produced by defective sperm. Women speak the language of idiots, Aristotle contends; like slaves, they are incapable of governing themselves or developing into the 'zoon politicon'. Thomas Aquinas adapted these views to Christianity, arguing that because woman is less perfect than man, she is but an indirect image of God and an appendix to man. Citing such views, Kramer and Sprenger find that women are 'intellectually like children,' credulous and impressionable, and therefore easily fall prey to the devil. 'Since [women] are feebler both in mind and body,' the Malleus concludes, 'it is not surprising that they should come more [than men] under the spell of witchcraft.
    Lack of intelligence prevents women not only from distinguishing good from evil, but from remembering the rules of behavior. Amoral and undisciplined, women are governed primarily by passion. 'And indeed,' Kramer and Sprenger declare, 'just as thorough the first defect in their intelligence women are more prone to abjure the faith; so through their second defect of inordinate affections and passions they search for, brood over, and inflict various vengeances, either by witchcraft, or by some other means.' [...] 'Wherefore it is no wonder that so great a number of witches exist in this sex,' concludes the Malleus."
14. Britannica: "By 1435–50, the number of prosecutions had begun to rise sharply, and toward the end of the 15th century, two events stimulated the hunts: Pope Innocent VIII's publication in 1484 of the bull Summis desiderantes affectibus ("Desiring with the Greatest Ardour") condemning witchcraft as Satanism, the worst of all possible heresies, and the publication in 1486 of Heinrich Krämer and Jacob Sprenger's Malleus maleficarum ("The Hammer of Witches"), a learned but cruelly misogynist book blaming witchcraft chiefly on women. Widely influential, it was reprinted numerous times."
15. Levack (2006), hlm. 145: "Explanations for the predominance of women as witches often focus on the treatises written by demonologists, many of which comment on the fact that most witches were women. This literature is in most cases intensely misogynistic, in the sense that it is demeaning, if not blatantly hostile, to women. The common theme in these demonological treatises is that women were more susceptible to demonic temptation because they were morally weaker than men and more likely, therefore, to succumb to diabolical temptation. This idea, which dates from the earliest days of Christianity, is expressed most forcefully in the Malleus Maleficarum, but it can be found in many places, even in the sceptical demonological treatise of Johann Weyer."
16. Guiley (2008), hlm. 223``: "Published first in Germany in 1486, the Malleus Maleficarum proliferated into dozens of editions throughout Europe and England and had a profound impact on European witch trials for about 200 years. [...] It was second only to the Bible in sales until John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress was published in 1678"
17. Jolly, Raudvere, & Peters(eds.), "Witchcraft and magic in Europe: the Middle Ages", page 241 (2002)

Daftar pustaka

• Mackay, Christopher S. (2009). The Hammer of Witches: A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum (1 volume). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-53982-4.  (Inggris)
• Mackay, Christopher S. (2006). Malleus Maleficarum (2 volumes). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85977-8.  (Latin) (Inggris)
• Broedel, Hans Peter (2003). The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft: Theology and Popular Belief. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719064418. 
• Summers, Montague (2012). The Malleus Maleficarum of Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger. Courier Corporation. 
• Halsall, Paul, ed. (1996). "Witchcraft Documents [15th Century]". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies. 

• Hayes, Stephen (1995). "Christian responses to witchcraft and sorcery". Missionalia. 23 (3). 
• Guiley, Rosemary (2008). The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca. Checkmark Books. 
• Levack, Brian P. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America. Oxford University Press. 
• Levack, Brian P. (2006). The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 0-5824-1901-8. 
• "Malleus maleficarum". Encyclopædia Britannica. 
• "Witchcraft". Encyclopædia Britannica. 
• Burns, William (2003). Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood. ISBN 0-3133-2142-6. 
• Jolly, Karen; Peters, Edward; Raudvere, Catharina (2001). Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 3: The Middle Ages (History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 0-4858-9103-4. 
• Brauner, Sigrid (2001). Fearless Wives and Frightened Shrews: The Construction of the Witch in Early Modern Germany. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-5584-9297-6. 
• Ankarloo, Bengt; Clark, Stuart, ed. (2002). Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 3: The Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1786-1. 
• Ankarloo, Bengt; Clark, Stuart, ed. (2002). Witchcraft and Magic in Europe Volume 4. The Period of the Witch Trials. The Athlone Press London. ISBN 0-485-89104-2. 
• Bailey, Michael D. (2003). Battling Demons: Witchcraft, Heresy, and Reform in the Late Middle Ages. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-02226-4. 
• Henningsen, Gustav (1980). The Witches' Advocate: Basque Witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition. University of Nevada Press. 
• Kieckhefer, Richard (2000). Magic in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. 
• Maxwell-Stewart, P. G. (2001). Witchcraft in Europe and the New World. Palgrave. 
• Pavlac, Brian (2009). Witch Hunts in the Western World: Persecution and Punishment from the Inquisition through the Salem Trials: Persecution and Punishment from the Inquisition through the Salem Trials. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313348747. 
• Trevor-Roper, H. R. (1969). The European Witch-Craze: of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and Other Essays. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-131416-1. 
• Thomas, Keith (1971). Religion and the Decline of Magic – Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013744-6. 
• Robbins, Rossell Hope (1959). The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology. Peter Nevill. 

Bacaan tambahan

• Flint, Valerie. The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ. 1991
• Hamilton, Alastair (May 2007). "Review of Malleus Maleficarum edited and translated by Christopher S. Mackay and two other books". Heythrop Journal. 48 (3): 477–479. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2265.2007.00325_12.x. 
  (payment required)
• Institoris, Heinrich; Jakob Sprenger (1520). Malleus maleficarum, maleficas, & earum haeresim, ut phramea potentissima conterens. Excudebat Ioannes Gymnicus. 

• Ruickbie, Leo (2004). Witchcraft Out of the Shadows. Robert Hale. ISBN 0-7090-7567-7. 
• Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1972). Witchcraft in the Middle Ages. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9289-0. 
• Summers, Montague (1948). The Malleus Maleficarum of Kramer and Sprenger. ed. and trans. by Summers. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-22802-9. 
• Thurston, Robert W. (November 2006). "The world, the flesh and the devil". History Today. 56 (11): 51–57.  (payment required for full text)

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Malleus Maleficarum.

• U.S. National Library of Medicine, Digital Collections: Malleus Maleficarum – online scan of a Latin version presumably published in 1494.
• Malleus Maleficarum – Online version of Latin text and scanned pages of Malleus Maleficarum published in 1580.
• Malleus Maleficarum – Online and downloadable scan of original Latin edition of 1490.
• English translation 2018-09-24 di Wayback Machine.
• Malleus Maleficarum Online (Latin) (Jerman)