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Kematian bahasa Dalam linguistik kematian bahasa terjadi ketika suatu bahasa kehilangan penutur jati terakhir Lebih lanj

Kematian bahasa

Dalam linguistik, kematian bahasa terjadi ketika suatu bahasa kehilangan penutur jati terakhir. Lebih lanjut lagi, kepunahan bahasa terjadi ketika bahasa itu tidak lagi diketahui, termasuk oleh penutur bahasa kedua. Istilah serupa yang lain termasuk pembunuhan bahasa atau linguisida, yang merupakan kematian bahasa dari sebab-sebab alamiah atau politik dan sebab glotofagi yang jarang, yang merupakan penyerapan atau penggantian bahasa kecil dengan bahasa utama.

Aksara Het pada lauh tanah liat
Tiga penutur terakhir Magati Ke

Kematian bahasa adalah suatu proses ketika tingkat kecakapan bahasa komunitas tutur dalam ragam bahasa mereka menurun, yang akhirnya mengakibatkan tidak adanya penutur jati atau fasih dari ragam bahasa tersebut. Kematian bahasa dapat memengaruhi bentuk bahasa apa pun, termasuk dialek-dialek. Kematian bahasa tidak seharusnya disamakan dengan penggerusan bahasa (juga disebut kehilangan bahasa), yang menggambarkan hilangnya kemahiran bahasa ibu seorang individu.

Pada zaman modern (kira-kira 1500 EU-sekarang; setelah kolonialisme muncul), kematian bahasa biasanya diakibatkan oleh proses asimilasi budaya yang mengarah pada peralihan bahasa dan ditinggalkannya bahasa ibu secara berangsur-angsur demi bahasa perantara asing yang sebagian besarnya merupakan bahasa negara-negara Eropa.

Pada tahun 2000-an, sejumlah lebih kurang 7.000 bahasa penutur jati ada di seluruh dunia. Sebagian besarnya adalah bahasa-bahasa kecil yang terancam punah. Satu perhitungan yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2004 memperkirakan bahwa sekitar 90% dari bahasa-bahasa yang dituturkan pada saat ini akan punah pada tahun 2050.

Rujukan

  1. Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (June 6, 2012), , Higher Education, The Australian, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 6, 2012, diakses tanggal May 10, 2021 
  2. Calvet, Jean-Louis. 1974. Langue et colonialisme: petit traité de glottophagie. Paris.
  3. Crystal, David (2000) Language Death. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 19
  4. Byram, Michael; Hu, Adelheid (2013-06-26). Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. ISBN 978-1136235535. 
  5. Walt, Christa Van der (2007-05-01). Living Through Languages: An African Tribute to René Dirven (dalam bahasa Inggris). AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. ISBN 9781920109707. 
  6. Hall, Christopher J.; Smith, Patrick H.; Wicaksono, Rachel (2015-05-11). Mapping Applied Linguistics: A Guide for Students and Practitioners (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. ISBN 978-1136836237. 
  7. "Study by language researcher, David Graddol". NBC News. 2004-02-26. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-22.  Ian on Friday, January 16, 2009 61 comments (2009-01-16). "Research by Southwest University for Nationalities College of Liberal Arts". Chinasmack.com. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-22. . Ethnologue records 7,358 living languages known,. Ethnologue. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 5, 2001. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-22.  but on 2015-05-20, Ethnologue reported only 7,102 known living languages; and on 2015-02-23, Ethnologue already reported only 7,097 known living languages.
  8. Graddol, D. (2004-02-27). "The Future of Language". Science. 303 (5662): 1329–1331. Bibcode:2004Sci...303.1329G. doi:10.1126/science.1096546. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14988552. 

Bacaan lanjut

  • Abley, Mark. (2003). Spoken here: Travels among threatened languages. London: Heinemann.
  • Aitchinson, Jean. (1991). Language change: progress or decay? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bastardas-Boada, Albert (2007). , Glossa. An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 2, num. 2.
  • Batibo, Herman M. (2005). Language decline and death in Africa: Causes, consequences, and challenges. Multilingual Matters.
  • Brenzinger, Matthias (Ed.). (1992). Language death: Factual and theoretical explorations with special reference to East Africa. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Brenzinger, Matthais (Ed.). (1998). Endangered languages in Africa. Cologne: Rüdiger Köper Verlag.
  • Broderick, George. (1999). Language Death in the Isle of Man. Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 3-484-30395-6.
  • Calvet, Louis-Jean. (1998). Language wars and linguistic politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1994). Language death. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 1960–1968). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle; & Muntzel, M. (1989). The structural consequences of language death. In N. C. Dorian (Ed.).
  • Cantoni-Harvey, Gina (Ed.). (1997). Stabilizing indigenous languages. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University, Center for Excellence in Education.
  • Crystal, David. (2000). Language death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65321-5.
  • Crystal, David. (2004). Language revolution. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Cyr, Christine. (2008). "How Do You Learn a Dead Language?". Slate.
  • Dalby, Andrew. (2003). Language in danger: The loss of linguistic diversity and the threat to our future. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12900-9.
  • Dixon, R. M. W. (1997). The rise and fall of languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dorian, Nancy C. (1973). Grammatical change in a dying dialect. Language, 49, 413-438.
  • Dorian, Nancy C. (1978). The fate of morphological complexity in language death: Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic. Language, 54 (3), 590-609.
  • Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Dorian, Nancy C. (Ed.). (1989). Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death. Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language (No. 7). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32405-X.
  • Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth (eds.) (1977) Language death (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton.
  • Fishman, Joshua A. (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
  • Grenoble, Lenore A.; & Whaley, Lindsay J. (Eds.). (1998). Endangered languages: Current issues and future prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hagège, Claude. (1992). Le souffle de la langue. Paris: Odile Jacob.
  • Hagège, Claude. (2000). Halte à la mort des langues. Paris: Editions Odille Jacob.
  • Hale, Ken; Krauss, Michael; Watahomigie, Lucille J.; Yamamoto, Akira Y.; Craig, Colette; Jeanne, LaVerne M. et al. (1992). Endangered languages. Language, 68 (1), 1-42.
  • Harmon, David. (2002). In light of our differences: How diversity in nature and culture makes us human. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518192-1.
  • Hazaël-Massieux, Marie-Christine. (1999). Les créoles: L'indispensable survie. Paris: Editions Entente.
  • Hill, Jane. (1983). Language death in Uto-Aztecan. International Journal of American Linguistics, 49, 258-27.
  • Janse, Mark; & Tol, Sijmen (Eds.). (2003). Language death and language maintenance: Theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. ISBN 90-272-4752-8; ISBN 1-58811-382-5.
  • Joseph, Brian D. (Ed.). (2003). When languages collide: Perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence. Columbus: Ohio State University.
  • Maffi, Lusia (Ed.). (2001). On biocultural diversity: Linking language, knowledge, and the environment. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Maurais, Jacques; & Morris, Michael A. (Eds.). (2003). Languages in a globalizing world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mohan, Peggy; & Zador, Paul. (1986). Discontinuity in a life cycle: The death of Trinidad Bhojpuri. Language, 62 (2), 291-319.
  • Motamed, Fereydoon; (1974). La métrique diatemporelle: ou des accords de temps revolutifs dans les langues à flexions quantitatives. "[1]" Open Library OL25631615M.
  • Mufwene, Salikoko S. (2001). The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mühlhäusler, Peter. (1996). Linguistic ecology: Language change and linguistic imperialism in the Pacific region. London: Routledge.
  • Nettle, Daniel; & Romaine, Suzanne. (2000). Vanishing voices: The extinction of the world's languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513624-1.
  • Phillipson, Robert. (2003). English only?: Challenging language policy. London: Routledge.
  • Reyhner, Jon (Ed.). (1999). Revitalizing indigenous languages. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University, Center for Excellence in Education. ISBN 0-9670554-0-7.
  • Robins, R. H.; & Uhlenbeck, E. M. (1991). Endangered languages. Oxford: Berg.
  • Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. (1990). Theory of language death, and, language decay and contact-induced change: Similarities and differences. Arbeitspapier (No. 12). Köln: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität zu Köln.
  • Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. (1992). Theory of language death. In M. Brenzinger (Ed.) (pp. 7–30).
  • Schilling-Estes, Natalie; & Wolfram, Walt. (1999). Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration. Language, 75 (3), 486-521.
  • Skutnab-Kangas, Tove. (2000). Linguistic genocide in education—or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Slater, Julia. (2010). "Time Takes Its Toll on Old Swiss Language" SwissInfo.ch.
  • de Swaan, Abram. (2001). Words of the world: The global language system. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
  • Thomason, Sarah G. (2001). Language contact: An introduction. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
  • Zuckermann, Ghil'ad and Michael Walsh. (2011). 'Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance, and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures', Australian Journal of Linguistics Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 111–127.

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Templat:Linguistik historis

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Tanggal penerbitan:
Dalam linguistik kematian bahasa terjadi ketika suatu bahasa kehilangan penutur jati terakhir Lebih lanjut lagi kepunahan bahasa terjadi ketika bahasa itu tidak lagi diketahui termasuk oleh penutur bahasa kedua Istilah serupa yang lain termasuk pembunuhan bahasa atau linguisida 1 yang merupakan kematian bahasa dari sebab sebab alamiah atau politik dan sebab glotofagi yang jarang 2 yang merupakan penyerapan atau penggantian bahasa kecil dengan bahasa utama Aksara Het pada lauh tanah liatTiga penutur terakhir Magati Ke Kematian bahasa adalah suatu proses ketika tingkat kecakapan bahasa komunitas tutur dalam ragam bahasa mereka menurun yang akhirnya mengakibatkan tidak adanya penutur jati atau fasih dari ragam bahasa tersebut Kematian bahasa dapat memengaruhi bentuk bahasa apa pun termasuk dialek dialek Kematian bahasa tidak seharusnya disamakan dengan penggerusan bahasa juga disebut kehilangan bahasa yang menggambarkan hilangnya kemahiran bahasa ibu seorang individu 3 Pada zaman modern kira kira 1500 EU sekarang setelah kolonialisme muncul kematian bahasa biasanya diakibatkan oleh proses asimilasi budaya yang mengarah pada peralihan bahasa dan ditinggalkannya bahasa ibu secara berangsur angsur demi bahasa perantara asing yang sebagian besarnya merupakan bahasa negara negara Eropa 4 5 6 Pada tahun 2000 an sejumlah lebih kurang 7 000 bahasa penutur jati ada di seluruh dunia Sebagian besarnya adalah bahasa bahasa kecil yang terancam punah Satu perhitungan yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2004 memperkirakan bahwa sekitar 90 dari bahasa bahasa yang dituturkan pada saat ini akan punah pada tahun 2050 7 8 Rujukan Sunting Zuckermann Ghil ad June 6 2012 Stop revive and survive Higher Education The Australian diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 6 2012 diakses tanggal May 10 2021 Calvet Jean Louis 1974 Langue et colonialisme petit traite de glottophagie Paris Crystal David 2000 Language Death Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press p 19 Byram Michael Hu Adelheid 2013 06 26 Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning dalam bahasa Inggris Routledge ISBN 978 1136235535 Walt Christa Van der 2007 05 01 Living Through Languages An African Tribute to Rene Dirven dalam bahasa Inggris AFRICAN SUN MeDIA ISBN 9781920109707 Hall Christopher J Smith Patrick H Wicaksono Rachel 2015 05 11 Mapping Applied Linguistics A Guide for Students and Practitioners dalam bahasa Inggris Routledge ISBN 978 1136836237 Study by language researcher David Graddol NBC News 2004 02 26 Diakses tanggal 2012 03 22 Ian on Friday January 16 2009 61 comments 2009 01 16 Research by Southwest University for Nationalities College of Liberal Arts Chinasmack com Diakses tanggal 2012 03 22 Pemeliharaan CS1 Banyak nama authors list link Ethnologue records 7 358 living languages known Ethnologue Ethnologue Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 5 2001 Diakses tanggal 2012 03 22 Parameter url status yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan bantuan but on 2015 05 20 Ethnologue reported only 7 102 known living languages and on 2015 02 23 Ethnologue already reported only 7 097 known living languages Graddol D 2004 02 27 The Future of Language Science 303 5662 1329 1331 Bibcode 2004Sci 303 1329G doi 10 1126 science 1096546 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 14988552 Parameter s2cid yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan bantuan Bacaan lanjut SuntingAbley Mark 2003 Spoken here Travels among threatened languages London Heinemann Aitchinson Jean 1991 Language change progress or decay Cambridge Cambridge University Press Bastardas Boada Albert 2007 Linguistic sustainability for a multilingual humanity Glossa An Interdisciplinary Journal vol 2 num 2 Batibo Herman M 2005 Language decline and death in Africa Causes consequences and challenges Multilingual Matters Brenzinger Matthias Ed 1992 Language death Factual and theoretical explorations with special reference to East Africa Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter Brenzinger Matthais Ed 1998 Endangered languages in Africa Cologne Rudiger Koper Verlag Broderick George 1999 Language Death in the Isle of Man Tubingen Niemeyer ISBN 3 484 30395 6 Calvet Louis Jean 1998 Language wars and linguistic politics Oxford Oxford University Press Campbell Lyle 1994 Language death In R E Asher Ed The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics pp 1960 1968 Oxford Pergamon Press Campbell Lyle amp Muntzel M 1989 The structural consequences of language death In N C Dorian Ed Cantoni Harvey Gina Ed 1997 Stabilizing indigenous languages Flagstaff AZ Northern Arizona University Center for Excellence in Education Crystal David 2000 Language death Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 65321 5 Crystal David 2004 Language revolution Cambridge Polity Press Cyr Christine 2008 How Do You Learn a Dead Language Slate Dalby Andrew 2003 Language in danger The loss of linguistic diversity and the threat to our future New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 12900 9 Dixon R M W 1997 The rise and fall of languages Cambridge Cambridge University Press Dorian Nancy C 1973 Grammatical change in a dying dialect Language 49 413 438 Dorian Nancy C 1978 The fate of morphological complexity in language death Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic Language 54 3 590 609 Dorian Nancy C 1981 Language death The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press Dorian Nancy C Ed 1989 Investigating obsolescence Studies in language contraction and death Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language No 7 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 32405 X Dressler Wolfgand amp Wodak Leodolter Ruth eds 1977 Language death International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol 12 The Hague Mouton Fishman Joshua A 1991 Reversing language shift Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages Clevedon Multilingual Matters Grenoble Lenore A amp Whaley Lindsay J Eds 1998 Endangered languages Current issues and future prospects Cambridge Cambridge University Press Hagege Claude 1992 Le souffle de la langue Paris Odile Jacob Hagege Claude 2000 Halte a la mort des langues Paris Editions Odille Jacob Hale Ken Krauss Michael Watahomigie Lucille J Yamamoto Akira Y Craig Colette Jeanne LaVerne M et al 1992 Endangered languages Language 68 1 1 42 Harmon David 2002 In light of our differences How diversity in nature and culture makes us human Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Press Harrison K David 2007 When Languages Die The Extinction of the World s Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge New York and London Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 518192 1 Hazael Massieux Marie Christine 1999 Les creoles L indispensable survie Paris Editions Entente Hill Jane 1983 Language death in Uto Aztecan International Journal of American Linguistics 49 258 27 Janse Mark amp Tol Sijmen Eds 2003 Language death and language maintenance Theoretical practical and descriptive approaches Amsterdam John Benjamins Pub ISBN 90 272 4752 8 ISBN 1 58811 382 5 Joseph Brian D Ed 2003 When languages collide Perspectives on language conflict language competition and language coexistence Columbus Ohio State University Maffi Lusia Ed 2001 On biocultural diversity Linking language knowledge and the environment Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Press Maurais Jacques amp Morris Michael A Eds 2003 Languages in a globalizing world Cambridge Cambridge University Press Mohan Peggy amp Zador Paul 1986 Discontinuity in a life cycle The death of Trinidad Bhojpuri Language 62 2 291 319 Motamed Fereydoon 1974 La metrique diatemporelle ou des accords de temps revolutifs dans les langues a flexions quantitatives 1 Open Library OL25631615M Mufwene Salikoko S 2001 The ecology of language evolution Cambridge Cambridge University Press Muhlhausler Peter 1996 Linguistic ecology Language change and linguistic imperialism in the Pacific region London Routledge Nettle Daniel amp Romaine Suzanne 2000 Vanishing voices The extinction of the world s languages Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 513624 1 Phillipson Robert 2003 English only Challenging language policy London Routledge Reyhner Jon Ed 1999 Revitalizing indigenous languages Flagstaff AZ Northern Arizona University Center for Excellence in Education ISBN 0 9670554 0 7 Robins R H amp Uhlenbeck E M 1991 Endangered languages Oxford Berg Sasse Hans Jurgen 1990 Theory of language death and language decay and contact induced change Similarities and differences Arbeitspapier No 12 Koln Institut fur Sprachwissenschaft Universitat zu Koln Sasse Hans Jurgen 1992 Theory of language death In M Brenzinger Ed pp 7 30 Schilling Estes Natalie amp Wolfram Walt 1999 Alternative models of dialect death Dissipation vs concentration Language 75 3 486 521 Skutnab Kangas Tove 2000 Linguistic genocide in education or worldwide diversity and human rights Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Slater Julia 2010 Time Takes Its Toll on Old Swiss Language SwissInfo ch de Swaan Abram 2001 Words of the world The global language system Cambridge UK Polity Press Thomason Sarah G 2001 Language contact An introduction Washington D C Georgetown University Press Zuckermann Ghil ad and Michael Walsh 2011 Stop Revive Survive Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures Australian Journal of Linguistics Vol 31 No 1 pp 111 127 Pranala luar SuntingLost Tongues and the Politics of Language Endangerment Languages don t kill languages speakers do Language endangerment What have pride amp prestige got to do with It Diarsipkan 2005 10 14 di Wayback Machine pdf Language birth amp death Diarsipkan 2006 11 10 di Wayback Machine pdf Globalization amp the Myth of Killer Languages What s Really Going on Diarsipkan 2006 09 01 di Wayback Machine pdf Wall Street Journal on language death International Symposium on Linguistic Rights in the World The current situation United Nations Geneva 24 April 2008Templat Linguistik historis Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Kematian bahasa amp oldid 21998178