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Kebudayaan Sintashta bahasa Rusia Синташтинская культура translit Sintashtinskaya kul tura yang pernah berlangsung sekit

Kebudayaan Sintashta

Kebudayaan Sintashta (bahasa Rusia: Синташтинская культура, translit. Sintashtinskaya kul'tura) yang pernah berlangsung sekitar tahun 2050–1900 SM, adalah tahap pertama dari Kebudayaan Sintashta–Petrovka atau Kebudayaan Sintashta–Arkaim, dan merupakan suatu kebudayaan arkeologis yang pernah ada pada Zaman Perunggu Pertengahan Akhir terletak di Pegunungan Ural Selatan, di Stepa Eurasia. Seluruh Kawasan Sintashta–Petrovka diteliti tahap dan penanggalan dalam karya penelitian terbaru oleh Stephan Lindner, berdasarkan serangkaian 19 sampel penanggalan radiokarbon yang diperkirakan pada tahun 2050–1750 SM. Tahap kebudayaan Petrovka diperkirakan pernah berlangsung pada tahun 1900–1750 SM. Analisis tertua yang dapat diandalkan dari sisa-sisa tulang-belulang manusia dari Sintashta adalah radiokarbon dengan tanggal rata-rata 2198±66 SM (2335–2041 calBC), dan dianalisis secara genetika sebagai Y-haplogroup R1a-Z93 < R-Z2124.

Kebudayaan Sintashta
PeriodeZaman Perunggu pertengahan akhir
Tanggal2050–1900 SM
Jenis situsSintashta
Situs indukSintashta
Arkaim
Petrovka
CiriPengolahan tembaga dan perunggu yang luas
Pemukiman berbenteng
Penguburan senjata yang rumit
Kereta perang paling awal yang diketahui
Didahului olehKebudayaan Barang Kawat
Kebudayaan Poltavka
Kebudayaan Abashevo
Diikuti olehKebudayaan Andronovo

Kebudayaan Sintashta sebelumnya diperkirakan berlangsung pada tahun 2200–1800 SM. Pada penelitian tahun 2020, Ventresca Miller dkk. masih mengklaim periode tersebut berlangsung tahun 2400–1800 SM, berdasarkan 44 penanggalan kalibrasi C14 sebelumnya oleh Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Rusia, yang oleh beberapa peneliti lain dianggap sudah ketinggalan zaman. Kebudayaan ini dinamai dari situs kepurbakalaan Sintashta, di Oblast Chelyabinsk, Rusia, dan menyebar melalui Oblast Orenburg, Bashkortostan, dan Kazakhstan Utara.

Kebudayaan ini dianggap mewakili migrasi ke timur masyarakat dari Kebudayaan Barang Kawat. Kebudayaan Sintashta secara luas dianggap sebagai asal mula Indo-Iran. Kereta perang paling awal yang diketahui telah ditemukan di pemakaman Sintashta, dan kebudayaan ini dianggap sebagai kandidat kuat untuk asal-usul teknologi kereta perang yang menyebar ke seluruh dunia dan memainkan peran penting dalam peperangan kuno. Pemukiman Sintashta juga dikenal karena banyaknya penambangan tembaga dan pengolahan perunggu yang dilakukan di sana, yang tidak biasa untuk kebudayaan stepa lainnya. Di antara ciri-ciri utama budaya Sintashta adalah militerisme tingkat tinggi dan permukiman berbenteng yang luas, 23 di antaranya diketahui.

Referensi

Catatan kaki

  1. Koryakova 1998b.
  2. Koryakova 1998a.
  3. Lindner, Stephan, (2020). "Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe: a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse-drawn transport in the early second millennium BC", in Antiquity, Vol 94, Issue 374, April 2020, p. 362: "...The publication of new radiocarbon data series from selected burial sites in the South-eastern Urals has helped to establish a much more accurate chronology for the late Middle Bronze Age Sintashta-Petrovka complex (Hanks et al. 2007: 362, fig. 3)..."
  4. Lindner, Stephan, (2020). "Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe: a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse-drawn transport in the early second millennium BC", in Antiquity, Vol 94, Issue 374, April 2020, p. 367: "...The 12 calibrated radiocarbon dates belonging to the Sintashta horizon range between 2050 and 1760 cal BC (at 95.4% confidence; Epimakhov & Krause 2013: 137). These dates correlate well with the seven AMS-sampled Sintashta graves in the associated KA-5cemetery, which date to 2040–1730 cal BC (95.4% confidence...)".
  5. Chechushkov, Igor, (2018). Bronze Age Human Communities in the Southern Urals Steppe: Sintashta Petrovka Social and Subsistence Organization, Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburg, p. iv: "...the Late Bronze Age Sintashta-Petrovka chiefdoms of the southern Urals (cal. 2050–1750 BC)..."
  6. Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age", in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.27: Five AMS dates for Petrovka culture are "within the range 1880-1750 BC...", these are dates of two sites, Ustye and Kulevchi (Molodin et al., 2014, p.142), "which are located on the territory of Sintashta culture..."
  7. Lindner, Stephan, (2020). "Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe: a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse-drawn transport in the early second millennium BC", in Antiquity, Vol 94, Issue 374, April 2020, p. 364: "...Indeed, a new radiocarbon series has confirmed the position of the Petrovka stage in the nineteenth to eighteenth centuries BC (Krause et al. 2019). Recent research at the enclosed settlement of Kamennyj Ambar in the Karagajly Ajat River valley (Chelyabinsk Oblast) supports this stratigraphic evidence, based on the existence of different occupation phases...."
  8. Allentoft, ME (11 Juni 2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. Nature Research. 522 (7555): 167–172. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103
  9. Chernykh, E. N. (2008). "Formation of the Eurasian 'Steppe Belt' of Stockbreeding Cultures: Viewed through the Prism of Archaeometallurgy and Radiocarbon Dating", in Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 35/3 (2008), Elsevier: "...radiocarbon estimates...accumulated and systematized at the Laboratory of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow)...Sintashta, 44 dates; Abashevo, 22; and Petrovka, only nine...the ranges of sum probabilities within the 68% limits: they strikingly coincide, falling between the 22nd and the 18th/17th cent. BC..." (pp. 38 and 48).
  10. Chernykh, E. N., (2009). Formation of the Eurasian Steppe Belt Cultures: Viewed Through the Lens of Archaeometallurgy and Radiocarbon Dating, in B. Hanks & K. Linduff (eds.), Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metals and Mobility, Cambridge University Press, pp. 128–133.
  11. Parpola, Asko, (2017). "Finnish vatsa – Sanskrit vatshá – and the formation of Indo–Iranian and Uralic languages", in SUSA/JSFOu 96, 2017, p. 249.
  12. Ventresca Miller, Alicia R., et al., (2020 b). "Ecosystems Engineering Among Ancient Pastoralists in Northern Central Asia", in Frontiers in Earth Science, Volume 8, Article 168, 2 June 2020, p. 6: "...Middle Bronze Age (2400–1800 cal BCE) people, often referred to as Sintashta, constructed nucleated settlements, with population estimates ranging from 200 to 700 individuals..."
  13. Ventresca Miller, A. R., et al., (2020 a). "Close management of sheep in ancient Central Asia: evidence for foddering, transhumance, and extended lambing seasons during the Bronze and Iron Ages", in STAR, Science & Technology of Archaeological Research, p. 2: "...By 2300 cal BCE, Middle Bronze Age sites associated with Sintashta and Petrovka cultural groups in northern Kazakhstan heavily exploited domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats alongside horses with occasional hunting of wild fauna..."
  14. Mallory & Mair 2008, hlm. 261.
  15. Anthony 2007, hlm. 408–411.
  16. Raulwing, Peter (2000). Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans – Foundations and Methods of Chariotry Research from the Viewpoint of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány
  17. Holm, Hans J. J. G. (2019): The Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Series Minor 43. Budapest: ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY. ISBN 978-615-5766-30-5
  18. Hanks & Linduff 2009.
  19. Semyan, Ivan, and Spyros Bakas, (2021). "Archaeological Experiment on Reconstruction of the 'Compound' Bow of the Sintashta Bronze Age Culture from the Stepnoe Cemetery", in EXARC Journal Issue 2021/2, Introduction.

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Kebudayaan Sintashta bahasa Rusia Sintashtinskaya kultura translit Sintashtinskaya kul tura yang pernah berlangsung sekitar tahun 2050 1900 SM adalah tahap pertama dari Kebudayaan Sintashta Petrovka 1 atau Kebudayaan Sintashta Arkaim 2 dan merupakan suatu kebudayaan arkeologis yang pernah ada pada Zaman Perunggu Pertengahan Akhir 3 terletak di Pegunungan Ural Selatan di Stepa Eurasia Seluruh Kawasan Sintashta Petrovka diteliti tahap dan penanggalan dalam karya penelitian terbaru oleh Stephan Lindner berdasarkan serangkaian 19 sampel penanggalan radiokarbon yang diperkirakan pada tahun 2050 1750 SM 4 5 Tahap kebudayaan Petrovka diperkirakan pernah berlangsung pada tahun 1900 1750 SM 6 7 Analisis tertua yang dapat diandalkan dari sisa sisa tulang belulang manusia dari Sintashta adalah radiokarbon dengan tanggal rata rata 2198 66 SM 2335 2041 calBC dan dianalisis secara genetika sebagai Y haplogroup R1a Z93 lt R Z2124 8 Kebudayaan SintashtaPeriodeZaman Perunggu pertengahan akhirTanggal2050 1900 SMJenis situsSintashtaSitus indukSintashtaArkaimPetrovkaCiriPengolahan tembaga dan perunggu yang luasPemukiman berbentengPenguburan senjata yang rumitKereta perang paling awal yang diketahuiDidahului olehKebudayaan Barang KawatKebudayaan Poltavka Kebudayaan AbashevoDiikuti olehKebudayaan AndronovoKebudayaan Sintashta sebelumnya diperkirakan berlangsung pada tahun 2200 1800 SM 9 10 11 Pada penelitian tahun 2020 Ventresca Miller dkk masih mengklaim periode tersebut berlangsung tahun 2400 1800 SM 12 13 berdasarkan 44 penanggalan kalibrasi C14 sebelumnya oleh Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Rusia yang oleh beberapa peneliti lain dianggap sudah ketinggalan zaman Kebudayaan ini dinamai dari situs kepurbakalaan Sintashta di Oblast Chelyabinsk Rusia dan menyebar melalui Oblast Orenburg Bashkortostan dan Kazakhstan Utara Kebudayaan ini dianggap mewakili migrasi ke timur masyarakat dari Kebudayaan Barang Kawat Kebudayaan Sintashta secara luas dianggap sebagai asal mula Indo Iran 14 15 Kereta perang paling awal yang diketahui telah ditemukan di pemakaman Sintashta dan kebudayaan ini dianggap sebagai kandidat kuat untuk asal usul teknologi kereta perang yang menyebar ke seluruh dunia dan memainkan peran penting dalam peperangan kuno 16 17 Pemukiman Sintashta juga dikenal karena banyaknya penambangan tembaga dan pengolahan perunggu yang dilakukan di sana yang tidak biasa untuk kebudayaan stepa lainnya 18 Di antara ciri ciri utama budaya Sintashta adalah militerisme tingkat tinggi dan permukiman berbenteng yang luas 23 di antaranya diketahui 19 Daftar isi 1 Referensi 1 1 Catatan kaki 1 2 Daftar pustaka 2 Pranala luarReferensi SuntingCatatan kaki Sunting Koryakova 1998b Koryakova 1998a Lindner Stephan 2020 Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse drawn transport in the early second millennium BC in Antiquity Vol 94 Issue 374 April 2020 p 362 The publication of new radiocarbon data series from selected burial sites in the South eastern Urals has helped to establish a much more accurate chronology for the late Middle Bronze Age Sintashta Petrovka complex Hanks et al 2007 362 fig 3 Lindner Stephan 2020 Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse drawn transport in the early second millennium BC in Antiquity Vol 94 Issue 374 April 2020 p 367 The 12 calibrated radiocarbon dates belonging to the Sintashta horizon range between 2050 and 1760 cal BC at 95 4 confidence Epimakhov amp Krause 2013 137 These dates correlate well with the seven AMS sampled Sintashta graves in the associated KA 5cemetery which date to 2040 1730 cal BC 95 4 confidence Chechushkov Igor 2018 Bronze Age Human Communities in the Southern Urals Steppe Sintashta Petrovka Social and Subsistence Organization Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Kenneth P Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences University of Pittsburg p iv the Late Bronze Age Sintashta Petrovka chiefdoms of the southern Urals cal 2050 1750 BC Grigoriev Stanislav 2021 Andronovo Problem Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age in Open Archaeology 2021 7 p 27 Five AMS dates for Petrovka culture are within the range 1880 1750 BC these are dates of two sites Ustye and Kulevchi Molodin et al 2014 p 142 which are located on the territory of Sintashta culture Lindner Stephan 2020 Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse drawn transport in the early second millennium BC in Antiquity Vol 94 Issue 374 April 2020 p 364 Indeed a new radiocarbon series has confirmed the position of the Petrovka stage in the nineteenth to eighteenth centuries BC Krause et al 2019 Recent research at the enclosed settlement of Kamennyj Ambar in the Karagajly Ajat River valley Chelyabinsk Oblast supports this stratigraphic evidence based on the existence of different occupation phases Allentoft ME 11 Juni 2015 Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia Nature Nature Research 522 7555 167 172 doi 10 1038 nature14507 PMID 26062507 S2CID 4399103 Chernykh E N 2008 Formation of the Eurasian Steppe Belt of Stockbreeding Cultures Viewed through the Prism of Archaeometallurgy and Radiocarbon Dating in Archaeology Ethnology amp Anthropology of Eurasia 35 3 2008 Elsevier radiocarbon estimates accumulated and systematized at the Laboratory of the Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Sintashta 44 dates Abashevo 22 and Petrovka only nine the ranges of sum probabilities within the 68 limits they strikingly coincide falling between the 22nd and the 18th 17th cent BC pp 38 and 48 Chernykh E N 2009 Formation of the Eurasian Steppe Belt Cultures Viewed Through the Lens of Archaeometallurgy and Radiocarbon Dating in B Hanks amp K Linduff eds Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia Monuments Metals and Mobility Cambridge University Press pp 128 133 Parpola Asko 2017 Finnish vatsa Sanskrit vatsha and the formation of Indo Iranian and Uralic languages in SUSA JSFOu 96 2017 p 249 Ventresca Miller Alicia R et al 2020 b Ecosystems Engineering Among Ancient Pastoralists in Northern Central Asia in Frontiers in Earth Science Volume 8 Article 168 2 June 2020 p 6 Middle Bronze Age 2400 1800 cal BCE people often referred to as Sintashta constructed nucleated settlements with population estimates ranging from 200 to 700 individuals Ventresca Miller A R et al 2020 a Close management of sheep in ancient Central Asia evidence for foddering transhumance and extended lambing seasons during the Bronze and Iron Ages in STAR Science amp Technology of Archaeological Research p 2 By 2300 cal BCE Middle Bronze Age sites associated with Sintashta and Petrovka cultural groups in northern Kazakhstan heavily exploited domesticated cattle sheep and goats alongside horses with occasional hunting of wild fauna Mallory amp Mair 2008 hlm 261 Anthony 2007 hlm 408 411 Raulwing Peter 2000 Horses Chariots and Indo Europeans Foundations and Methods of Chariotry Research from the Viewpoint of Comparative Indo European Linguistics Budapest Archaeolingua Alapitvany Holm Hans J J G 2019 The Earliest Wheel Finds their Archeology and Indo European Terminology in Time and Space and Early Migrations around the Caucasus Series Minor 43 Budapest ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPITVANY ISBN 978 615 5766 30 5 Hanks amp Linduff 2009 Semyan Ivan and Spyros Bakas 2021 Archaeological Experiment on Reconstruction of the Compound Bow of the Sintashta Bronze Age Culture from the Stepnoe Cemetery in EXARC Journal Issue 2021 2 Introduction Daftar pustaka Sunting Anthony David W 2007 The Horse the Wheel and Language Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 05887 0 Allentoft ME 11 Juni 2015 Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia Nature Nature Research 522 7555 167 172 doi 10 1038 nature14507 PMID 26062507 Parameter s2cid yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan bantuan Anthony D W 2009 The Sintashta Genesis The Roles of Climate Change Warfare and Long Distance Trade Dalam Hanks B Linduff K Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia Monuments Metals and Mobility Cambridge University Press hlm 47 73 doi 10 1017 CBO9780511605376 005 ISBN 978 0 511 60537 6 Beckwith Christopher I 2009 Empires of the Silk Road Princeton University Press Hanks B Linduff K 2009 Late Prehistoric Mining Metallurgy and Social Organization in North Central Eurasia Dalam Hanks B Linduff K Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia Monuments Metals and Mobility Cambridge University Press hlm 146 167 doi 10 1017 CBO9780511605376 005 ISBN 978 0 511 60537 6 Koryakova L 1998a Sintashta Arkaim Culture The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads CSEN Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019 02 28 Diakses tanggal 16 September 2010 Koryakova L 1998b An Overview of the Andronovo Culture Late Bronze Age Indo Iranians in Central Asia The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads CSEN Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019 02 28 Diakses tanggal 16 September 2010 Kuznetsov P F 2006 The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe Antiquity 80 309 638 645 doi 10 1017 S0003598X00094096 Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012 07 07 Parameter url status yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan bantuan Kuzmina Elena E 2007 Mallory J P ed The Origin of the Indo Iranians BRILL ISBN 978 9004160545 Mallory J P Mair Victor H 2008 The Tarim Mummies Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West Thames amp Hudson ISBN 9780500283721 Mathieson Iain November 23 2015 Genome wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians Nature Nature Research 528 7583 499 503 doi 10 1038 nature16152 PMC 4918750 PMID 26595274 Narasimhan Vagheesh M September 6 2019 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia Science American Association for the Advancement of Science 365 6457 eaat7487 doi 10 1126 science aat7487 PMC 6822619 PMID 31488661 Pranala luar SuntingStanislav A Grigoriev Ancient Indo Europeans ISBN 5 88521 151 5 dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Kebudayaan Sintashta amp oldid 22853064