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Galerius bahasa Latin Gaius Valerius Maximianus Augustus 11 sekitar 260 April atau Mei 311 adalah Kaisar Romawi dari 305

Galerius

Galerius (bahasa Latin: Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus; sekitar 260 – April atau Mei 311) adalah Kaisar Romawi dari 305 sampai 311. Pada masa pemerintahannya, ia berkampanye, bersama dengan Diokletianus, melawan Kekaisaran Sassaniyah, merebut ibu kota mereka Ctesiphon pada 299. Ia juga berkampanye menyeberangi Danube melawan Carpi, mengalahkan mereka pada 297 dan 300. Meskipun ia awalnya merupakan musuh dari Kekristenan, Galerius mengakhiri Penganiayaan Diokletianikus ketika ia mengeluarkan sebuah maklumat tolerasi pada 311.

Galerius
Patung dada Porfiri Galerius
Kaisar ke-53 Bersama Kekaisaran Romawi
Berkuasa1 Maret atau 21 Mei 293:4, 38:288:146:64–5 – 1 May 305 (as Caesar, under Diocletian)
1 May 305 – late April or early May 311 (as Augustus alongside Constantius (until July 25, 306) then Severus (until spring 307) then Constantine (from ca. September 307; unrecognized by Galerius' coinage from ca. September 307 to November 308) then Licinius (from 11 November 308)):4–6
PendahuluMaximian dan Diokletianus
PenerusMaximinus, Konstantinus, dan Licinius:7
Informasi pribadi
Kelahiranca. 260:37, 46
Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria)
KematianAkhir April atau awal Mei 311 (usia 51)
Serdica (Sofia), Bulgaria
Pemakaman
Serdica atau Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad)
Nama lengkap
Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus
IbuRomula (dituduh):37–8
PasanganGaleria Valeria:38
AnakCandidianus
Valeria Maximilla, Maharani Romawi

Lihat pula Sunting

  • Makam Galerius
  • Peperangan Saudara Tetrarki (306–324)

Referensi Sunting

Sumber kuno Sunting

  • Codex Theodosianus.
  • Epitome de Caesaribus.
  • Eusebius of Caesarea.
  • Vita Constantini (Life of Constantine).
  • Festus. Breviarium.
  • Lactantius. De Mortibus Persecutorum (On the Deaths of the Persecutors).
  • XII Panegyrici Latini (Twelve Latin Panegyrics).
  • Zosimus. Historia Nova (New History).

Sumber modern Sunting

  • Banchich, Thomas M. "Iulianus (c. 286–293 AD) 2015-03-15 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
  • Barnes, Timothy D. "Lactantius and Constantine." The Journal of Roman Studies 63 (1973): 29–46.
  • Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1
  • Barnes, Timothy D. The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-7837-2221-4
  • Bleckmann, Bruno. "Diocletianus." In Brill's New Pauly, Volume 4, edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmut Schneider, 429–38. Leiden: Brill, 2002. ISBN 90-04-12259-1
  • Bowman, Alan K., Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
  • Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-631-22138-7
  • Burgess, R.W. "The Date of the Persecution of Christians in the Army". Journal of Theological Studies 47:1 (1996): 157–158.
  • Canduci, Alexander. Triumph and Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9, 2010. ISBN 978-1-74196-598-8
  • Corcoran, Simon. The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815304-X
  • Corcoran, "Before Constantine", Simon. "Before Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 35–58. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
  • DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Constantius I Chlorus (305–306 AD) 2012-02-04 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1996a). Accessed March 8, 2008.
  • DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Galerius (305–311 AD) 2012-01-26 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1996b). Accessed March 8, 2008.
  • DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Maximianus Herculius (286–305 AD) 2012-08-25 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
  • Elliott, T. G. The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN 0-940866-59-5
  • Gibbon, Edward, ‘Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’, Chapter 14
  • Harries, Jill. Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-41087-8 Paperback ISBN 0-521-42273-6
  • Helgeland, John. "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337." Church History 43:2 (1974): 149–163, 200.
  • Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1986.
  • Leadbetter, Bill. "Galerius and the Will of Diocletian", London and New York, Routledge, 2010. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-40488-6 Paperback ISBN 978-0-415-85971-4
  • Lenski, Noel. "The Reign of Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 59–90. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006b. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
  • Mackay, Christopher S. "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian." Classical Philology 94:2 (1999): 198–209.
  • Mathisen, Ralph W. "Diocletian (284–305 AD.) 2017-09-24 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed February 16, 2008.
  • Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-17485-6 Paperback ISBN 0-415-38655-1
  • Pohlsander, Hans. The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge, 2004a. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-31937-4 Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2
  • Pohlsander, Hans. "Constantine I (306 – 337 AD) 2017-09-29 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (2004b). Accessed December 16, 2007.
  • Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-10057-7 Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
  • Rees, Roger. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6
  • Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-415-23944-3
  • Rostovtzeff, Michael. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. ISBN 978-0-19-814231-7
  • Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2
  • Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-91827-8

Catatan Sunting

  1. This edition and translation is not very good. The pagination is broken in several places, there are many typographical errors (including several replacements of "Julian" with "Jovian" and "Constantine" with "Constantius"). It is nonetheless the only translation of the Historia Nova in the public domain.

Kutipan Sunting

  1. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, pp. 8–9.
  2. ^ Barnes, New Empire .
  3. Potter, The Roman Empire at Bay .
  4. Southern, Severus to Constantine .
  5. Williams, Diocletian .
  6. The earlier dates for Galerius' appointment have been argued for based on the suggestion that the appointments of Constantius and Galerius were timed to coincide (Barnes 1981, 8–9; Southern 1999, 146). Barnes (1982, 62) argues against a dating of 21 May 293 in Nicomedia originating in Seston, Dioclétien, 88ff., stating that the evidence adduced (the Paschal Chronicle 521 = Chronica Minora 1.229 and Lactantius, DMP 19.2) is invalid and confused. Lactantius is commenting on Diocletian and the place where Diocletian was acclaimed, and that the "Maximianus" in the text is therefore a later gloss; the Paschal Chronicle is not authoritative for this period for events outside Egypt, and may simply be commenting on the day when the laureled image of the new emperors arrived in Alexandria. Potter (2004, 650) agrees that locating the acclamation to Nicomedia is false, but believes that Seston's other evidence makes a strong case for a temporal lag between the two Caesars' acclamations.
  7. ^ Barnes, New Empire, p. 4.
  8. Eutropius. Breviarivm historiae romanae, IX, 22 2017-09-10 di Wayback Machine. Templat:Ref-la
  9. Lactantius, DMP 35.4. The exact date is lost in a lacuna (Barnes 1982, 6).
  10. Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Barnes, New Empire, p. 37
  11. Dalam bahasa Latin Klasik, nama Galerius ditulis menjadi GAIVS GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS.
  12. Canduci, Triumph & Tragedy .:119
  13. Roger Pearse, "Preface to the online edition of Zosimus' New History 2022-10-13 di Wayback Machine.". 19 November 2003, rev. 20 August 2003. Accessed 15 August 2009.

Pranala luar Sunting

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Tanggal penerbitan:
Galerius bahasa Latin Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus 11 sekitar 260 April atau Mei 311 adalah Kaisar Romawi dari 305 sampai 311 12 Pada masa pemerintahannya ia berkampanye bersama dengan Diokletianus melawan Kekaisaran Sassaniyah merebut ibu kota mereka Ctesiphon pada 299 Ia juga berkampanye menyeberangi Danube melawan Carpi mengalahkan mereka pada 297 dan 300 Meskipun ia awalnya merupakan musuh dari Kekristenan Galerius mengakhiri Penganiayaan Diokletianikus ketika ia mengeluarkan sebuah maklumat tolerasi pada 311 GaleriusPatung dada Porfiri GaleriusKaisar ke 53 Bersama Kekaisaran RomawiBerkuasa1 Maret atau 21 Mei 293 1 2 4 38 3 288 4 146 5 64 5 6 1 May 305 as Caesar under Diocletian 7 1 May 305 late April or early May 311 as Augustus alongside Constantius until July 25 306 then Severus until spring 307 then Constantine from ca September 307 unrecognized by Galerius coinage from ca September 307 to November 308 then Licinius from 11 November 308 2 4 6PendahuluMaximian dan Diokletianus 7 PenerusMaximinus Konstantinus dan Licinius 2 7Informasi pribadiKelahiranca 260 2 37 46 Serdica 8 Sofia Bulgaria KematianAkhir April atau awal Mei 311 usia 51 9 Serdica Sofia BulgariaPemakamanSerdica atau Felix Romuliana Gamzigrad 10 Nama lengkapGaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus 7 IbuRomula dituduh 2 37 8PasanganGaleria Valeria 2 38AnakCandidianusValeria Maximilla Maharani Romawi Daftar isi 1 Lihat pula 2 Referensi 2 1 Sumber kuno 2 2 Sumber modern 3 Catatan 4 Kutipan 5 Pranala luarLihat pula SuntingMakam Galerius Peperangan Saudara Tetrarki 306 324 Referensi SuntingSumber kuno Sunting Codex Theodosianus Mommsen T and Paul M Meyer eds Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes2 in Latin Berlin Weidmann 1905 1954 Complied by Nicholas Palmer revised by Tony Honore for Oxford Text Archive 1984 Prepared for online use by R W B Salway 1999 Preface books 1 8 Online at University College London Diarsipkan 2009 08 26 di Wayback Machine and the University of Grenoble Diarsipkan 2010 06 18 di Wayback Machine Accessed 25 August 2009 Unknown edition in Latin Online at AncientRome ru Diarsipkan 2011 07 16 di Wayback Machine Accessed 15 August 2009 Epitome de Caesaribus Banchich Thomas M trans A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores Canisius College Translated Texts 1 Buffalo NY Canisius College 2009 Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis Diarsipkan 2020 11 08 di Wayback Machine Accessed 15 August 2009 Eusebius of Caesarea Historia Ecclesiastica Church History McGiffert Arthur Cushman trans Church History From Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers Second Series Vol 1 Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1890 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Online at New Advent Diarsipkan 2014 06 23 di Wayback Machine Accessed 25 August 2009 Vita Constantini Life of Constantine Richardson Ernest Cushing trans Life of Constantine From Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers Second Series Vol 1 Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1890 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Online at New Advent Diarsipkan 2021 01 15 di Wayback Machine Accessed 25 August 2009 dd Festus Breviarium Banchich Thomas M and Jennifer A Meka trans Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People Canisius College Translated Texts 2 Buffalo NY Canisius College 2001 Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis Diarsipkan 2022 04 07 di Wayback Machine Accessed 15 August 2009 Lactantius De Mortibus Persecutorum On the Deaths of the Persecutors Fletcher William trans Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died From Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers Second Series Vol 7 Edited by Alexander Roberts James Donaldson and A Cleveland Coxe Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1886 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Online at New Advent Diarsipkan 2021 01 15 di Wayback Machine Accessed 25 August 2009 XII Panegyrici Latini Twelve Latin Panegyrics Nixon C E V and Barbara Saylor Rodgers ed and trans In Praise of Later Roman Emperors The Panegyrici Latini Berkeley University of California Press 1994 Zosimus Historia Nova New History Unknown trans The History of Count Zosimus London Green and Champlin 1814 Online at Tertullian Diarsipkan 2022 10 13 di Wayback Machine Accessed 15 August 2009 notes 1 Sumber modern Sunting Banchich Thomas M Iulianus c 286 293 AD Diarsipkan 2015 03 15 di Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 1997 Accessed March 8 2008 Barnes Timothy D Lactantius and Constantine The Journal of Roman Studies 63 1973 29 46 Barnes Timothy D Constantine and Eusebius Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1981 ISBN 978 0 674 16531 1 Barnes Timothy D The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1982 ISBN 0 7837 2221 4 Bleckmann Bruno Diocletianus In Brill s New Pauly Volume 4 edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmut Schneider 429 38 Leiden Brill 2002 ISBN 90 04 12259 1 Bowman Alan K Peter Garnsey and Averil Cameron The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XII The Crisis of Empire Cambridge University Press 2005 ISBN 0 521 30199 8 Brown Peter The Rise of Western Christendom Oxford Blackwell Publishing 2003 ISBN 0 631 22138 7 Burgess R W The Date of the Persecution of Christians in the Army Journal of Theological Studies 47 1 1996 157 158 Canduci Alexander Triumph and Tragedy The Rise and Fall of Rome s Immortal Emperors Pier 9 2010 ISBN 978 1 74196 598 8 Corcoran Simon The Empire of the Tetrarchs Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284 324 Oxford Clarendon Press 1996 ISBN 0 19 815304 X Corcoran Before Constantine Simon Before Constantine In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine edited by Noel Lenski 35 58 New York Cambridge University Press 2006 Hardcover ISBN 0 521 81838 9 Paperback ISBN 0 521 52157 2 DiMaio Jr Michael Constantius I Chlorus 305 306 AD Diarsipkan 2012 02 04 di Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 1996a Accessed March 8 2008 DiMaio Jr Michael Galerius 305 311 AD Diarsipkan 2012 01 26 di Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 1996b Accessed March 8 2008 DiMaio Jr Michael Maximianus Herculius 286 305 AD Diarsipkan 2012 08 25 di Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 1997 Accessed March 8 2008 Elliott T G The Christianity of Constantine the Great Scranton PA University of Scranton Press 1996 ISBN 0 940866 59 5 Gibbon Edward Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 14 Harries Jill Law and Empire in Late Antiquity Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1999 Hardcover ISBN 0 521 41087 8 Paperback ISBN 0 521 42273 6 Helgeland John Christians and the Roman Army A D 173 337 Church History 43 2 1974 149 163 200 Jones A H M The Later Roman Empire 284 602 A Social Economic and Administrative Survey Baltimore Johns Hopkins University 1986 Leadbetter Bill Galerius and the Will of Diocletian London and New York Routledge 2010 Hardcover ISBN 0 415 40488 6 Paperback ISBN 978 0 415 85971 4 Lenski Noel The Reign of Constantine In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine edited by Noel Lenski 59 90 New York Cambridge University Press 2006b Hardcover ISBN 0 521 81838 9 Paperback ISBN 0 521 52157 2 Mackay Christopher S Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian Classical Philology 94 2 1999 198 209 Mathisen Ralph W Diocletian 284 305 AD Diarsipkan 2017 09 24 di Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 1997 Accessed February 16 2008 Odahl Charles Matson Constantine and the Christian Empire New York Routledge 2004 Hardcover ISBN 0 415 17485 6 Paperback ISBN 0 415 38655 1 Pohlsander Hans The Emperor Constantine London amp New York Routledge 2004a Hardcover ISBN 0 415 31937 4 Paperback ISBN 0 415 31938 2 Pohlsander Hans Constantine I 306 337 AD Diarsipkan 2017 09 29 di Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 2004b Accessed December 16 2007 Potter David S The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180 395 New York Routledge 2005 Hardcover ISBN 0 415 10057 7 Paperback ISBN 0 415 10058 5 Rees Roger Diocletian and the Tetrarchy Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press 2004 ISBN 0 7486 1661 6 Southern Pat The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine New York Routledge 2001 ISBN 0 415 23944 3 Rostovtzeff Michael The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire Oxford Oxford University Press 1966 ISBN 978 0 19 814231 7 Treadgold Warren A History of the Byzantine State and Society Stanford Stanford University Press 1997 ISBN 0 8047 2630 2 Williams Stephen Diocletian and the Roman Recovery New York Routledge 1997 ISBN 0 415 91827 8Catatan Sunting This edition and translation is not very good The pagination is broken in several places there are many typographical errors including several replacements of Julian with Jovian and Constantine with Constantius It is nonetheless the only translation of the Historia Nova in the public domain 13 Kutipan Sunting Barnes Constantine and Eusebius pp 8 9 a b c d e f Barnes New Empire Potter The Roman Empire at Bay Southern Severus to Constantine Williams Diocletian The earlier dates for Galerius appointment have been argued for based on the suggestion that the appointments of Constantius and Galerius were timed to coincide Barnes 1981 8 9 Southern 1999 146 Barnes 1982 62 argues against a dating of 21 May 293 in Nicomedia originating in Seston Diocletien 88ff stating that the evidence adduced the Paschal Chronicle 521 Chronica Minora 1 229 and Lactantius DMP 19 2 is invalid and confused Lactantius is commenting on Diocletian and the place where Diocletian was acclaimed and that the Maximianus in the text is therefore a later gloss the Paschal Chronicle is not authoritative for this period for events outside Egypt and may simply be commenting on the day when the laureled image of the new emperors arrived in Alexandria Potter 2004 650 agrees that locating the acclamation to Nicomedia is false but believes that Seston s other evidence makes a strong case for a temporal lag between the two Caesars acclamations a b c Barnes New Empire p 4 Eutropius Breviarivm historiae romanae IX 22 Diarsipkan 2017 09 10 di Wayback Machine Templat Ref la Lactantius DMP 35 4 The exact date is lost in a lacuna Barnes 1982 6 Kesalahan pengutipan Tag lt ref gt tidak sah tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Barnes New Empire p 37 Dalam bahasa Latin Klasik nama Galerius ditulis menjadi GAIVS GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS Canduci Triumph amp Tragedy 119 Roger Pearse Preface to the online edition of Zosimus New History Diarsipkan 2022 10 13 di Wayback Machine 19 November 2003 rev 20 August 2003 Accessed 15 August 2009 Pranala luar Sunting nbsp Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Galerius Medieval Sourcebook Diarsipkan 2014 08 14 di Wayback Machine Edict of Toleration by Galerius 311 Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Diarsipkan 2007 06 30 di Wayback Machine Lactantius about Galerius in his De Mortibus Persecutorum chapter XXIII amp XXVII Diarsipkan 2009 08 13 di Wayback Machine Catholic Encyclopedia Diarsipkan 2021 04 17 di Wayback Machine Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Galerius amp oldid 23915524