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White Anglo Saxon Protestant WASP adalah kelompok sosial Protestan berkulit putih keturunan Britania di Amerika Serikat

White Anglo-Saxon Protestant

White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) adalah kelompok sosial Protestan berkulit putih keturunan Britania di Amerika Serikat, yang pada umumnya kaya raya dan memiliki koneksi bagus. Kelompok ini telah sejak lama mendominasi kehidupan masyarakat, budaya, dan kepemimpinan partai-partai politik besar Amerika, dan memonopoli kalangan masyarakat elite melalui perkawinan campur dan nepotisme. Meskipun hegemoni WASP di kehidupan sosial budaya Amerika telah berkurang sejak era Perang Dunia II, WASP terus mendapat tempat istimewa pada lembaga keuangan, bisnis, hukum, dan akademis.

Selama paruh kedua abad ke-20, kelompok etnis dan ras lainnya tumbuh berpengaruh dan dominasi WASP berkurang. Warga Amerika semakin mengkritik hegemoni WASP dan merendahkan WASP sebagai lambang "Establishment". Random House Unabridged Dictionary 1998 mengatakan istilah tersebut "Terkadang Meremehkan dan Menyinggung".

Sosiolog kerap menggunakan istilah ini secara luas untuk menggolongkan semua Warga Amerika Protestan berdarah Eropa Utara atau Eropa Barat Laut tanpa memandang kelas atau kekuasaan. Istilah ini juga digunakan di Australia, Selandia Baru, dan Kanada untuk kelompok elite serupa.

Referensi sunting

  1. Kaufmann, Eric P. (2004). "The decline of the WASP in the United States and Canada". Dalam Kaufmann, E.P. Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities. London, New York: Routledge. hlm. 61–83. ISBN 0-41-531542-5. 
  2. "the definition of wasps". www.dictionary.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). dari versi asli tanggal 2018-10-20. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-27. 
  3. Ralph E. Pyle (1996). Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment. Greenwood. hlm. 11–12. ISBN 9780275954871. 
  4. Irving Lewis Allen, "WASP—From Sociological Concept to Epithet", Ethnicity (ISSN 0095-6139) 1975, p. 154
  5. Glassman, Ronald; Swatos, William H., Jr.; Denison, Barbara J. (2004). Social Problems in Global Perspective. University Press of America. hlm. 258. ISBN 9780761829331. 
  6. J.M.S. Careless (1996). Careless at Work: Selected Canadian historical studies. hlm. 297. ISBN 9781554881253. 
  7. C. P. Champion (2010). The Strange Demise of British Canada: The Liberals and Canadian Nationalism, 1964–68. MQUP. hlm. 48–49. ISBN 9780773591059. 
  8. Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine, Guide to Canadian English Usage (2008) pp. 517–518
  9. "WASP" in Frederick Ludowyk and Bruce Moore, eds, Australian modern Oxford dictionary (2007)

Bacaan lanjutan sunting

Lihat entri Wikisaurus:white person di kamus bebas Wiktionary.
  • Allen, Irving Lewis. "WASP—From Sociological Concept to Epithet", Ethnicity 2.2 (1975): 153-162.
  • Allen, Irving Lewis: Unkind Words: Ethnic Labeling from Redskin to Wasp (NY: Bergin & Garvey, 1990) ISBN 9780897892209
  • Baltzell, E. Digby. Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a New Upper Class (1958).
  • Beckert, Sven. The monied metropolis: New York City and the consolidation of the American bourgeoisie, 1850-1896 (2003).
  • Brooks, David. Bobos in paradise: The new upper class and how they got there (2010)
  • Burt, Nathaniel. The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy (1999).
  • Cookson, Peter W.; Persell, Caroline Hodges: Preparing for Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools (1985) ISBN 9780465062683
  • Davidson, James D.; Pyle, Ralph E.; Reyes, David V.: "Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment, 1930-1992", Social Forces, 74#1. (1995), pp. 157–175.
  • Davis, Donald F. "The Price of Conspicious Production: The Detroit Elite and the Automobile Industry, 1900-1933." Journal of Social History 16.1 (1982): 21-46. online
  • Farnum, Richard. "Prestige in the Ivy League: Democratization and discrimination at Penn and Columbia, 1890-1970." in Paul W. Kingston and Lionel S. Lewis, eds. The high-status track: Studies of elite schools and stratification (1990).
  • Foulkes, Nick. High Society – The History of America's Upper Class, (Assouline, 2008) ISBN 2759402886
  • Fraser, Steve and Gary Gerstle, eds. Ruling America: A History of Wealth and Power in a Democracy, Harvard UP, 2005, ISBN 0-674-01747-1
  • Friend, Tad. Cheerful Money: Me, My Family, and the Last Days of WASP Splendor (2009). ISBN 9780316003179
  • Fussell, Paul. Class: A Guide Through the American Status System (1983) ISBN 9780671792251
  • Ghent, Jocelyn Maynard, and Frederic Cople Jaher. "The Chicago Business Elite: 1830–1930. A Collective Biography." Business History Review 50.3 (1976): 288-328. online
  • Hood. Clifton. In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis (2016). Covers 1760-1970.
  • Ingham, John N. The Iron Barons: A Social Analysis of an American Urban Elite, 1874-1965 (1978)
  • Jaher, Frederic Cople, ed. The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful: Elites and Upper Classes in History (1973), essays by scholars
  • Jaher, Frederick Cople. The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Chicago, Charleston, and Los Angeles (1982).
  • Jensen, Richard. "Family, Career, and Reform: Women Leaders of the Progressive Era." in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective,(1973): 267-80.
  • Jensen, Richard. "Yankees" Encyclopedia of Chicago (2004) p 1391
  • King, Florence: WASP, Where is Thy Sting? (1977)
  • Lundberg, Ferdinand: The Rich and the Super-Rich: A Study in the Power of Money Today (1968)
  • McConachie, Bruce A. "New York operagoing, 1825-50: creating an elite social ritual." American Music (1988): 181-192. online
  • Ostrander, Susan A. (1986). Women of the Upper Class. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0-87722-475-4. 
  • Phillips, Kevin P. Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich, Broadway Books 2003, ISBN 0-7679-0534-2
  • Pyle, Ralph E.: Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment (1996)
  • Salk, Susanna. A Privileged Life: Celebrating WASP Style (2007)
  • Schrag, Peter.: The Decline of the WASP (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1970)
  • Story, Ronald. (1980) The forging of an aristocracy: Harvard & the Boston upper class, 1800-1870
  • Synnott, Marcia. The half-opened door: Discrimination and admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900-1970 (2010).
  • Useem, Michael. The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U.S. and U.K. (1984)
  • Williams, Peter W. Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression (2016), especially in New York City

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Tanggal penerbitan:
White Anglo Saxon Protestant WASP adalah kelompok sosial Protestan berkulit putih keturunan Britania di Amerika Serikat yang pada umumnya kaya raya dan memiliki koneksi bagus Kelompok ini telah sejak lama mendominasi kehidupan masyarakat budaya dan kepemimpinan partai partai politik besar Amerika dan memonopoli kalangan masyarakat elite melalui perkawinan campur dan nepotisme Meskipun hegemoni WASP di kehidupan sosial budaya Amerika telah berkurang sejak era Perang Dunia II WASP terus mendapat tempat istimewa pada lembaga keuangan bisnis hukum dan akademis 1 Selama paruh kedua abad ke 20 kelompok etnis dan ras lainnya tumbuh berpengaruh dan dominasi WASP berkurang Warga Amerika semakin mengkritik hegemoni WASP dan merendahkan WASP sebagai lambang Establishment Random House Unabridged Dictionary 1998 mengatakan istilah tersebut Terkadang Meremehkan dan Menyinggung 2 3 4 Sosiolog kerap menggunakan istilah ini secara luas untuk menggolongkan semua Warga Amerika Protestan berdarah Eropa Utara atau Eropa Barat Laut tanpa memandang kelas atau kekuasaan 5 Istilah ini juga digunakan di Australia Selandia Baru dan Kanada untuk kelompok elite serupa 6 7 8 9 Referensi sunting Kaufmann Eric P 2004 The decline of the WASP in the United States and Canada Dalam Kaufmann E P Rethinking Ethnicity Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities London New York Routledge hlm 61 83 ISBN 0 41 531542 5 the definition of wasps www dictionary com dalam bahasa Inggris Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018 10 20 Diakses tanggal 2018 12 27 Ralph E Pyle 1996 Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment Greenwood hlm 11 12 ISBN 9780275954871 Irving Lewis Allen WASP From Sociological Concept to Epithet Ethnicity ISSN 0095 6139 1975 p 154 Glassman Ronald Swatos William H Jr Denison Barbara J 2004 Social Problems in Global Perspective University Press of America hlm 258 ISBN 9780761829331 J M S Careless 1996 Careless at Work Selected Canadian historical studies hlm 297 ISBN 9781554881253 C P Champion 2010 The Strange Demise of British Canada The Liberals and Canadian Nationalism 1964 68 MQUP hlm 48 49 ISBN 9780773591059 Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine Guide to Canadian English Usage 2008 pp 517 518 WASP in Frederick Ludowyk and Bruce Moore eds Australian modern Oxford dictionary 2007 Bacaan lanjutan sunting nbsp Lihat entri Wikisaurus white person di kamus bebas Wiktionary Allen Irving Lewis WASP From Sociological Concept to Epithet Ethnicity 2 2 1975 153 162 Allen Irving Lewis Unkind Words Ethnic Labeling from Redskin to Wasp NY Bergin amp Garvey 1990 ISBN 9780897892209 Baltzell E Digby Philadelphia Gentlemen The Making of a New Upper Class 1958 Beckert Sven The monied metropolis New York City and the consolidation of the American bourgeoisie 1850 1896 2003 Brooks David Bobos in paradise The new upper class and how they got there 2010 Burt Nathaniel The Perennial Philadelphians The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy 1999 Cookson Peter W Persell Caroline Hodges Preparing for Power America s Elite Boarding Schools 1985 ISBN 9780465062683 Davidson James D Pyle Ralph E Reyes David V Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment 1930 1992 Social Forces 74 1 1995 pp 157 175 Davis Donald F The Price of Conspicious Production The Detroit Elite and the Automobile Industry 1900 1933 Journal of Social History 16 1 1982 21 46 online Farnum Richard Prestige in the Ivy League Democratization and discrimination at Penn and Columbia 1890 1970 in Paul W Kingston and Lionel S Lewis eds The high status track Studies of elite schools and stratification 1990 Foulkes Nick High Society The History of America s Upper Class Assouline 2008 ISBN 2759402886 Fraser Steve and Gary Gerstle eds Ruling America A History of Wealth and Power in a Democracy Harvard UP 2005 ISBN 0 674 01747 1 Friend Tad Cheerful Money Me My Family and the Last Days of WASP Splendor 2009 ISBN 9780316003179 Fussell Paul Class A Guide Through the American Status System 1983 ISBN 9780671792251 Ghent Jocelyn Maynard and Frederic Cople Jaher The Chicago Business Elite 1830 1930 A Collective Biography Business History Review 50 3 1976 288 328 online Hood Clifton In Pursuit of Privilege A History of New York City s Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis 2016 Covers 1760 1970 Ingham John N The Iron Barons A Social Analysis of an American Urban Elite 1874 1965 1978 Jaher Frederic Cople ed The Rich the Well Born and the Powerful Elites and Upper Classes in History 1973 essays by scholars Jaher Frederick Cople The Urban Establishment Upper Strata in Boston New York Chicago Charleston and Los Angeles 1982 Jensen Richard Family Career and Reform Women Leaders of the Progressive Era in Michael Gordon ed The American Family in Social Historical Perspective 1973 267 80 Jensen Richard Yankees Encyclopedia of Chicago 2004 p 1391 King Florence WASP Where is Thy Sting 1977 Lundberg Ferdinand The Rich and the Super Rich A Study in the Power of Money Today 1968 McConachie Bruce A New York operagoing 1825 50 creating an elite social ritual American Music 1988 181 192 online Ostrander Susan A 1986 Women of the Upper Class Temple University Press ISBN 978 0 87722 475 4 Phillips Kevin P Wealth and Democracy A Political History of the American Rich Broadway Books 2003 ISBN 0 7679 0534 2 Pyle Ralph E Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment 1996 Salk Susanna A Privileged Life Celebrating WASP Style 2007 Schrag Peter The Decline of the WASP NY Simon and Schuster 1970 Story Ronald 1980 The forging of an aristocracy Harvard amp the Boston upper class 1800 1870 Synnott Marcia The half opened door Discrimination and admissions at Harvard Yale and Princeton 1900 1970 2010 Useem Michael The Inner Circle Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U S and U K 1984 Williams Peter W Religion Art and Money Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression 2016 especially in New York CityPranala luar suntingSocial Register Locater compiles all the major cities into one list 35 Social Registers from major US cities early 20th century online free Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title White Anglo Saxon Protestant amp oldid 23292872