Wajah hitam bahasa Inggris blackface adalah sebuah bentuk tata rias teatrikal yang umum dipakai untuk pementas non kulit

Wajah hitam (bahasa Inggris: blackface) adalah sebuah bentuk tata rias teatrikal yang umum dipakai untuk pementas non-kulit hitam untuk mewakili karikatur orang kulit hitam. Praktik tersebut meraih ketenaran pada abad ke-19 dan berkontribusi pada merebaknya stereotipe rasial

Bacaan tambahan sunting

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Armstron-De Vreeze, Pamela (1997). "Surviving Zwarte Piet — a Black mother in the Netherlands copes with a racist institution in Dutch culture". Essence magazine. ^{[pranala nonaktif]}
Bas, Marcel (2013). Zwarte Piet: discriminerend of fascinerend?. Aspekt Uitgeverij. ISBN 9789461534095.
Chude-Sokei, Louis (2005). The Last Darky: Bert Williams, Black-on-Black Minstrelsy and the African Diaspora. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3643-X.
Cockrell, Dale (1997). Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World. Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama. ISBN 0-521-56828-5.
Levinthal, David (1999). Blackface. Arena. ISBN 1-892041-06-5.
Lhamon, Jr., W.T. (1998). Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-74711-9.
Hughes, Langston; Meltzer, Milton (1967). Black Magic: A Pictorial History of Black Entertainers in America. New York: Bonanza Books. ISBN 0-306-80406-9.
Lott, Eric (1993). Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507832-2.
Malik, Sarita. . Museum of Broadcast Communications. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-05-14. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-08.
Rogin, Michael (1998). Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21380-7.
Sacks, Howard L., and Sacks, Judith (1993). Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Sammond, Nicholas (2015). Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Strausbaugh, John (2006). Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult and Imitation in American Popular Culture. Jeremy P. Tarcher / Penguin. ISBN 1-58542-498-6.
Toll, Robert C. (1974). Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6300-5.
Twain, Mark (1924). "XIX, dictated 1906-11-30". Mark Twain's Autobiography. New York: Albert Bigelow Paine. LCCN 24025122.
Watkins, Mel (1999). On the Real Side: A History of African American Comedy from Slavery to Chris Rock. Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. ISBN 1-55652-351-3.

Pranala luar sunting

"Blackface and other historic racial images from the Authentic History Center"
"The Blackface Stereotype", Manthia Diawara
"Cape Minstrel Festival Kaapse Klopse", Cape Town Magazine.
"The New Era of Blackface," Louis Chude-Sokei
"The History of Racist Blackface Stereotypes
"Blacking Up: Hip-Hop's Remix of Race and Identity
"From Blackface to Beulah: Subtle Subversion in Early Black Sitcoms"
Video: Blackface: History of a Controversy; Blackface in modern society, especially related to school.

Run DMC's "Christmas in Hollis"
Expatica's Dutch News in English: Annual Zwarte Piet Debate 2012-10-03 di Wayback Machine.
from Ferris State University
Zwarte Piet film by Adwa Foundation, Rotterdam, and the Global Afrikan Congress^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Zwarte Piet (Belanda)