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Temperatur dan tekanan standar Dalam kimia dan sains lainnya istilah temperatur dan tekanan standar Inggris standard tem

Temperatur dan tekanan standar

Dalam kimia dan sains lainnya, istilah temperatur dan tekanan standar (Inggris: standard temperature and pressure, disingkat STP) adalah sebuah keadaan standar yang digunakan dalam pengukuran eksperimen. Standar ini digunakan agar setiap data dalam percobaan yang berbeda-beda dapat dibandingkan. Standar yang paling umum digunakan adalah standar IUPAC dan NIST. Terdapat juga variasi standar lainnya yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi-organisasi lainnya. Standar IUPAC sekarang ini adalah temperatur 0 °C (273,15 K, 32 °F) dan tekanan absolut 100 kPa (14,504 psi), sedangkan standar NIST adalah 20 °C (293,15 K, 68 °F) dan tekanan absolut 101,325 kPa (14,696 psi).

Dalam bidang industri dan komersial, kondisi standar temperatur dan tekanan bisanya perlu disebutkan untuk merujuk pada kondisi referensi standar untuk mengekspresikan volume gas dan cairan dan kuantitas lainnya. Walapun begitu, kebanyakan publikasi teknis hanya menyatakan "kondisi standar" tanpa penjelasan lebih lanjut, sehingga menimbulkan kerancuan dan kesalahan.

Definisi Sunting

Definisi lama Sunting

Dalam lima sampai enam dasarwasa terakhir, para profesional dan ilmuwan yang menggunakan sistem satuan metrik mendefinisikan kondisi referensi standar temperatur dan tekanan untuk mengekspresikan volume gas sebagai 0 °C (273,15 K) dan 101,325 kPa (1 atm). Sedangkan untuk yang menggunakan saturan Imperial adalah 60 °F (520 °R) dan 14,696 psi (1 atm). Namun kedua definisi di atas tidak lagi digunakan.

Definisi baru Sunting

Terdapat beberapa definisi kondisi referensi standar yang sekarang digunakan oleh berbagai organisasi-organisasi di dunia. Beberapa organisasi mempunyai standar yang berbeda pada masa lalu, seperti IUPAC yang mempunyai standar 0 °C dan 100 kPa (1 bar) sejak 1982 dan berbeda dengan standar lama 0 °C dan 101,325 kPa (1 atm). Contoh lainnya pada industri perminyakan, dengan standar lama 60 °F dan 14.696 psi, dan standar baru (terutama di Amerika Utara) 60 °F dan 14,73 psi.

Kondisi referensi standar
Temperatur Tekanan mutlak Kelembapan relatif Organisasi
°C kPa % RH
0 100,000   IUPAC (definisi baru)
0 101,325   IUPAC (definisi lama), NIST, ISO 10780
15 101,325 0 ICAO's ISA, ISO 13443, EEA, EGIA
20 101,325   EPA, NIST
25 101,325   EPA
25 100,000   SATP
20 100,000 0 CAGI
15 100,000   SPE
°F psi % RH
60 14,696   SPE, U.S. OSHA, SCAQMD
60 14,73   EGIA, OPEC, U.S. EIA
59 14,503 78 U.S. Army Standard Metro
59 14,696 60 ISO 2314, ISO 3977-2
°F in Hg % RH
70 29,92 0 AMCA, massa jenis udara = 0,075 lbm/ft³. Standar AMCA berlaku hanya untuk udara.

Notes:

  • EGIA: Electricity and Gas Inspection Act (of Canada)
  • SATP: Standard Ambient Pressure and Temperature
  • SCAQMD: California's South Coast Air Quality Management District

Referensi Sunting

  1. ^ A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson (1997). (PDF) (edisi ke-2nd Edition). Blackwell Science. ISBN 0865426848. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-05-24. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-24. Standard conditions for gases: Temperature, 273.15 K [...] and pressure of 105 pascals. IUPAC recommends that the former use of the pressure of 1 atm as standard pressure (equivalent to 1.01325 × 105 Pa) should be discontinued. 
  2. A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson (1997). (PDF) (edisi ke-2nd Edition). Blackwell Science. ISBN 0865426848. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-06-04. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-24. Standard pressure: Chosen value of pressure denoted by po or p°. In 1982 IUPAC recommended the value 105 Pa, but prior to 1982 the value 101 325 Pa (= 1 atm) was usually used. 
  3. NIST (1989). . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-29. Diakses tanggal 08-07-25. If you want the program to treat the material as an ideal gas, the density will be assumed given by M/V, where M is the gram molecular weight of the gas and V is the mol volume of 22414 cm3 at standard conditions (0 deg C and 1 atm). 
  4. ISO (1994), ISO 10780:1994 : Stationary source emissions - Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts 
  5. ^ Robert C. Weast (Editor) (1975). Handbook of Physics and Chemistry (edisi ke-56th Edition). CRC Press. hlm. pp. F201–F206. ISBN 0-87819-455-X. 
  6. ^ "Natural gas – Standard reference conditions", ISO 13443, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland  ISO Standards Catalogue 2011-10-12 di Wayback Machine.
  7. "Extraction, First Treatment and Loading of Liquid & Gaseous Fossil Fuels", Emission Inventory Guidebook B521, Activities 050201 - 050303, September 1999, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark  Emission Inventory Guidebook[pranala nonaktif permanen]
  8. ^ "Electricity and Gas Inspection Act", SOR/86-131 (defines a set of standard conditions for Imperial units and a different set for metric units)  Canadian Laws 2005-01-03 di Wayback Machine.
  9. "Standards of Performance for New Sources", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 60, Section 60.2, 1990  New Source Performance Standards
  10. "Design and Uncertainty for a PVTt Gas Flow Standard", Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol.108, Number 1, 2003  NIST Journal 2006-04-14 di Wayback Machine.
  11. "National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 50, Section 50.3, 1998  National Ambient Air Standards
  12. "Table of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties", National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Journal of Physics and Chemical Reference Data, 1982, Vol. 11, Supplement 2.
  13. "Glossary", 2002, Compressed Air and Gas Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA  Glossary 2007-10-28 di Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard 2008-12-20 di Wayback Machine. 1984, Richardson, TX, USA (Notes for Table 2.3 on page 25 define standard cubic foot and standard cubic meter)
  15. "Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases" and "Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia", 29 CFR--Labor, Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Part 1910, Sect. 1910.110 and 1910.111, 1993  Storage/Handling of LPG 2006-07-19 di Wayback Machine.
  16. "Rule 102, Definition of Terms (Standard Conditions)", Amended December 2004, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Los Angeles, California, USA  SCAQMD Rule 102 2008-12-19 di Wayback Machine.
  17. "Annual Statistical Bulletin", 2004, Editor-in-chief: Dr. Omar Ibrahim, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Vienna, Austria  OPEC Statistical Bulletin 2008-12-19 di Wayback Machine.
  18. "Natural Gas Annual 2004", DOE/EIA-0131(04), December 2005, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, D.C., USA  Natural Gas Annual 2004 2009-04-27 di Wayback Machine.
  19. Sierra Bullets L.P. "Chapter 3 – Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions". . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2008-10-12. "Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions", Exterior Ballistics Section, Sierra's "Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition", Sedalia, MO, USA  Exterior Ballistics 2006-03-09 di Wayback Machine.
  20. The pressure is specified as 750 mmHg. However, the mmHg is temperature dependant, as mercury expands as temperature goes up. Here the values for the 0-20 °C range are given.
  21. "Gas turbines – Procurement – Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings", ISO 3977-2:1997 and "Gas turbines - Acceptance tests", ISO 2314:1989, Edition 2, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland ISO 2008-08-08 di Wayback Machine.
  22. ANSI/AMCA Standard 210, "Laboratory Methods Of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating", as implied here: http://www.greenheck.com/pdf/centrifugal/Plug.pdf when accessed on October 17, 2007
  23. The standard is given as 29.92 inHg at an unspecified temperature. This most likely corresponds to a standard pressure of 101.325 kPa, converted into ~29.921 inHg at 32 °F)

Pranala luar Sunting

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Tanggal penerbitan:
Dalam kimia dan sains lainnya istilah temperatur dan tekanan standar Inggris standard temperature and pressure disingkat STP adalah sebuah keadaan standar yang digunakan dalam pengukuran eksperimen Standar ini digunakan agar setiap data dalam percobaan yang berbeda beda dapat dibandingkan Standar yang paling umum digunakan adalah standar IUPAC dan NIST Terdapat juga variasi standar lainnya yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi organisasi lainnya Standar IUPAC sekarang ini adalah temperatur 0 C 273 15 K 32 F dan tekanan absolut 100 kPa 14 504 psi 1 sedangkan standar NIST adalah 20 C 293 15 K 68 F dan tekanan absolut 101 325 kPa 14 696 psi Dalam bidang industri dan komersial kondisi standar temperatur dan tekanan bisanya perlu disebutkan untuk merujuk pada kondisi referensi standar untuk mengekspresikan volume gas dan cairan dan kuantitas lainnya Walapun begitu kebanyakan publikasi teknis hanya menyatakan kondisi standar tanpa penjelasan lebih lanjut sehingga menimbulkan kerancuan dan kesalahan Daftar isi 1 Definisi 1 1 Definisi lama 1 2 Definisi baru 2 Referensi 3 Pranala luarDefinisi SuntingDefinisi lama Sunting Dalam lima sampai enam dasarwasa terakhir para profesional dan ilmuwan yang menggunakan sistem satuan metrik mendefinisikan kondisi referensi standar temperatur dan tekanan untuk mengekspresikan volume gas sebagai 0 C 273 15 K dan 101 325 kPa 1 atm Sedangkan untuk yang menggunakan saturan Imperial adalah 60 F 520 R dan 14 696 psi 1 atm Namun kedua definisi di atas tidak lagi digunakan Definisi baru Sunting Terdapat beberapa definisi kondisi referensi standar yang sekarang digunakan oleh berbagai organisasi organisasi di dunia Beberapa organisasi mempunyai standar yang berbeda pada masa lalu seperti IUPAC yang mempunyai standar 0 C dan 100 kPa 1 bar sejak 1982 dan berbeda dengan standar lama 0 C dan 101 325 kPa 1 atm 2 Contoh lainnya pada industri perminyakan dengan standar lama 60 F dan 14 696 psi dan standar baru terutama di Amerika Utara 60 F dan 14 73 psi Kondisi referensi standar Temperatur Tekanan mutlak Kelembapan relatif Organisasi C kPa RH0 100 000 IUPAC definisi baru 1 0 101 325 IUPAC definisi lama 1 NIST 3 ISO 10780 4 15 101 325 0 5 6 ICAO s ISA 5 ISO 13443 6 EEA 7 EGIA 8 20 101 325 EPA 9 NIST 10 25 101 325 EPA 11 25 100 000 SATP 12 20 100 000 0 CAGI 13 15 100 000 SPE 14 F psi RH60 14 696 SPE 14 U S OSHA 15 SCAQMD 16 60 14 73 EGIA 8 OPEC 17 U S EIA 18 59 14 503 78 U S Army Standard Metro 19 20 59 14 696 60 ISO 2314 ISO 3977 2 21 F in Hg RH70 29 92 0 AMCA 22 23 massa jenis udara 0 075 lbm ft Standar AMCA berlaku hanya untuk udara Notes EGIA Electricity and Gas Inspection Act of Canada SATP Standard Ambient Pressure and Temperature SCAQMD California s South Coast Air Quality Management DistrictReferensi Sunting a b c A D McNaught A Wilkinson 1997 Compendium of Chemical Terminology The Gold Book PDF edisi ke 2nd Edition Blackwell Science ISBN 0865426848 Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2016 05 24 Diakses tanggal 2008 06 24 Standard conditions for gases Temperature 273 15 K and pressure of 105 pascals IUPAC recommends that the former use of the pressure of 1 atm as standard pressure equivalent to 1 01325 105 Pa should be discontinued Pemeliharaan CS1 Teks tambahan link A D McNaught A Wilkinson 1997 Compendium of Chemical Terminology The Gold Book PDF edisi ke 2nd Edition Blackwell Science ISBN 0865426848 Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2016 06 04 Diakses tanggal 2008 06 24 Standard pressure Chosen value of pressure denoted by po or p In 1982 IUPAC recommended the value 105 Pa but prior to 1982 the value 101 325 Pa 1 atm was usually used Pemeliharaan CS1 Teks tambahan link NIST 1989 NIST Standard Reference Database 7 NIST Electron and Positron Stopping Powers of Materials Database Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011 06 29 Diakses tanggal 08 07 25 If you want the program to treat the material as an ideal gas the density will be assumed given by M V where M is the gram molecular weight of the gas and V is the mol volume of 22414 cm3 at standard conditions 0 deg C and 1 atm Periksa nilai tanggal di accessdate bantuan ISO 1994 ISO 10780 1994 Stationary source emissions Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts a b Robert C Weast Editor 1975 Handbook of Physics and Chemistry edisi ke 56th Edition CRC Press hlm pp F201 F206 ISBN 0 87819 455 X Pemeliharaan CS1 Teks tambahan authors list link Pemeliharaan CS1 Teks tambahan link a b Natural gas Standard reference conditions ISO 13443 International Organization for Standardization Geneva Switzerland ISO Standards Catalogue Diarsipkan 2011 10 12 di Wayback Machine Extraction First Treatment and Loading of Liquid amp Gaseous Fossil Fuels Emission Inventory Guidebook B521 Activities 050201 050303 September 1999 European Environmental Agency Copenhagen Denmark Emission Inventory Guidebook pranala nonaktif permanen a b Electricity and Gas Inspection Act SOR 86 131 defines a set of standard conditions for Imperial units and a different set for metric units Canadian Laws Diarsipkan 2005 01 03 di Wayback Machine Standards of Performance for New Sources 40 CFR Protection of the Environment Chapter I Part 60 Section 60 2 1990 New Source Performance Standards Design and Uncertainty for a PVTt Gas Flow Standard Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Vol 108 Number 1 2003 NIST Journal Diarsipkan 2006 04 14 di Wayback Machine National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards 40 CFR Protection of the Environment Chapter I Part 50 Section 50 3 1998 National Ambient Air Standards Table of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties National Bureau of Standards NBS Journal of Physics and Chemical Reference Data 1982 Vol 11 Supplement 2 Glossary 2002 Compressed Air and Gas Institute Cleveland OH USA Glossary Diarsipkan 2007 10 28 di Wayback Machine a b The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard Diarsipkan 2008 12 20 di Wayback Machine 1984 Richardson TX USA Notes for Table 2 3 on page 25 define standard cubic foot and standard cubic meter Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia 29 CFR Labor Chapter XVII Occupational Safety and Health Administration Part 1910 Sect 1910 110 and 1910 111 1993 Storage Handling of LPG Diarsipkan 2006 07 19 di Wayback Machine Rule 102 Definition of Terms Standard Conditions Amended December 2004 South Coast Air Quality Management District Los Angeles California USA SCAQMD Rule 102 Diarsipkan 2008 12 19 di Wayback Machine Annual Statistical Bulletin 2004 Editor in chief Dr Omar Ibrahim Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Vienna Austria OPEC Statistical Bulletin Diarsipkan 2008 12 19 di Wayback Machine Natural Gas Annual 2004 DOE EIA 0131 04 December 2005 U S Department of Energy Energy Information Administration Washington D C USA Natural Gas Annual 2004 Diarsipkan 2009 04 27 di Wayback Machine Sierra Bullets L P Chapter 3 Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual 5th Edition Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006 03 09 Diakses tanggal 2008 10 12 Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions Exterior Ballistics Section Sierra s Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual 5th Edition Sedalia MO USA Exterior Ballistics Diarsipkan 2006 03 09 di Wayback Machine The pressure is specified as 750 mmHg However the mmHg is temperature dependant as mercury expands as temperature goes up Here the values for the 0 20 C range are given Gas turbines Procurement Part 2 Standard reference conditions and ratings ISO 3977 2 1997 and Gas turbines Acceptance tests ISO 2314 1989 Edition 2 International Organization for Standardization Geneva Switzerland ISO Diarsipkan 2008 08 08 di Wayback Machine ANSI AMCA Standard 210 Laboratory Methods Of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating as implied here http www greenheck com pdf centrifugal Plug pdf when accessed on October 17 2007 The standard is given as 29 92 inHg at an unspecified temperature This most likely corresponds to a standard pressure of 101 325 kPa converted into 29 921 inHg at 32 F Pranala luar Sunting Standard conditions for gases Diarsipkan 2016 05 24 di Wayback Machine from the IUPAC Gold Book Standard pressure Diarsipkan 2016 06 04 di Wayback Machine from the IUPAC Gold Book STP Diarsipkan 2018 12 15 di Wayback Machine from the IUPAC Gold Book Standard state Diarsipkan 2018 12 15 di Wayback Machine from the IUPAC Gold Book Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Temperatur dan tekanan standar amp oldid 22130873