Perang Utah (1857–1858), juga dikenal sebagai Ekspedisi Utah, Operasi Militer Utah, Kecerobohan Buchanan, Perang Mormon, atau Pemberontakan Mormon adalah suatu konfrontasi bersenjata antara pemukim Mormon di Wilayah Utah dan angkatan bersenjata pemerintah Amerika Serikat. Konfrontasi berlangsung dari Mei 1857 sampai Juli 1858. Terdapat beberapa korban luka dan tewas, sebagian besar warga sipil non-Mormon. Perang ini tidak memiliki pertempuran militer yang menonjol.
| Perang Utah | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
| Pihak terlibat | ||||||
| Amerika Serikat | Deseret/Mormon Utah (Legiun Nauvoo) | |||||
| Tokoh dan pemimpin | ||||||
| Pres.James Buchanan Jen.Albert S. Johnston | Gub.Brigham Young Jen.Daniel H. Wells Kapt.Lot Smith | |||||
| Kekuatan | ||||||
| 2.500 | tidak diketahui | |||||
| Korban | ||||||
| 38 | tidak diketahui | |||||
| Warga sipil: 126 tewas (120 dalam Pembantaian Gunung Meadows) |
Ikhtisar sunting
Tahun 1857-1858, Presiden James Buchanan mengirim pasukan AS ke Wilayah Utah dalam apa yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Ekspedisi Utah. Mormon, yang takut bahwa kekuatan militer besar AS telah dikirim untuk membinasakan mereka dan setelah menghadapi penindasan di daerah lain, membuat persiapan untuk pertahanan. Meskipun pertumpahan darah itu harus dihindari, dan pemerintah AS juga berharap bahwa tujuannya mungkin dicapai tanpa jatuhnya korban jiwa, kedua belah pihak bersiap untuk perang. Senjata api diproduksi atau diperbaiki oleh Mormon, sabit berubah menjadi bayonet, dan pedang panjang yang tidak terpakai dipoles dan dipertajam.
Catatan sunting
- Le Roy Reuben Hafen; Ann Woodbury Hafen (1958). The Utah expedition, 1857–1858: a documentary account of the United States military movement under Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston, and the resistance by Brigham Young and the Mormon Nauvoo Legion. A. H. Clark Co. Diakses tanggal 14 May 2012.
- William Preston Johnston; Albert Sidney Johnston (1878). The life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston. D. Appleton. hlm. 207. Diakses tanggal 14 May 2012.
- Poll, Richard D., and Ralph W. Hansen. "'Buchanan's Blunder' The Utah War, 1857–1858", in Military Affairs 25, 3 (1961): 121–131
- "The Mormon War." (PDF), New York Times, 19 May 1858
- "The Mormon Rebellion" (PDF), New York Times, 16 February 1858
- Perintah Eksekutif Missouri 44
Referensi sunting
- Allen, James B. and Glen M. Leonard. The Story of the Latter-day Saints. Deseret Book Co., Salt Lake City, UT, 1976. ISBN 0-87747-594-6.
- Arrington, Leonard J. Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830–1900; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958, reprinted by University of Illinois Press, October 2004. ISBN 0-252-02972-0.
- Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1889), History of Utah: 1540–1886, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, XXVI, San Francisco: The History Company, LCCN 07018413, OCLC 4694895
- Buchanan, James (December 19, 1857), "Nomination of Alfred Cumming as Governor of the Territory of Utah", dalam McCook, Anson G., Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, 10, Washington, D.C.: GPO (dipublikasikan tanggal 1887), hlm. 275
- Buchanan, James (April 6, 1858), James Bassett Moore, ed., , X, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-18, diakses tanggal 2017-02-26
- Buchanan, James (1858), The Utah expedition. Message from the President of the United States, transmitting reports from the secretaries of state, of war, of the interior, and of the attorney general, relative to the military expedition ordered into the territory of Utah. February 26, 1858.--Referred to the Committee on territories, Washington
- Fleek, Sherman L. (2006), , dalam Freeman, Robert C., Nineteenth-Century Saints at War, Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, hlm. 81–106, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-02-19, diakses tanggal 2017-02-26
- Kimball, Heber C. (July 26, 1857), "Oneness of the Priesthood—Impossibility of Obliterating Mormonism—Gospel Ordinances—Depopulation of the Human Species—The Coming Famine, etc.", dalam Calkin, Asa, Journal of Discourses Delivered by President Brigham Young, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others, 4, Liverpool: Asa Calkin (dipublikasikan tanggal 1858), hlm. 86–95
- Poll, Richard D., and Ralph W. Hansen. ""Buchanan's Blunder" The Utah War, 1857–1858." Military Affairs (Lexington, VA) 25, 3 (1961): 121–131.
- Poll; MacKinnon, William P. (1994), , Journal of Mormon History, 20 (2): 16–44, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-15, diakses tanggal 2021-03-03
- MacKinnon, William P. (2007), (PDF), Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 40 (1): 43–81, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 26 March 2009
- MacKinnon, William P. "At Sword's Point, Part 1: A Documentary History of the Utah War to 1858" (Norman, Okla.: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 2008).
- Moorman, Donald R. Camp Floyd and the Mormons: The Utah War. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-87480-845-2.
- Schindler, Harold (1995), , diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-07-19, diakses tanggal 2017-02-26
- Walker, Ronald W. and Doris R. Dant, editors, "Nearly Everything Imaginable: the Everyday Life of Utah's Mormon Pioneers." BYU Studies, Provo, Utah 1999.
- Young, Brigham (July 5, 1857a), "True Happiness—Fruits of Not Following Counsel—Popular Prejudice Against the Mormons—The Coming Army—Punishment of Evildoers", dalam Calkin, Asa, Journal of Discourses Delivered by President Brigham Young, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others, 4, Liverpool: Asa Calkin (dipublikasikan tanggal 1858), hlm. 1–6
- Young, Brigham (August 2, 1857b), "Joseph Smith's Family—Bashfulness in Public Speaking—The Coming Crisis—Counsel", dalam Calkin, Asa, Journal of Discourses Delivered by President Brigham Young, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others, 4, Liverpool: Asa Calkin (dipublikasikan tanggal 1858), hlm. 96–101
- Young, Brigham (August 5, 1857c), Proclamation by the Governor, Salt Lake City: Utah Territory
- "Welchman, Arthur P., Reminiscences and diary, [ca.1854-1917], fd. 1, 93-94.", , History.LDS.org, Church History Department, LDS Church, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-21, diakses tanggal 2017-02-26
- Artikel ini berisi bahan berstatus domain umum dari United States Government dokumen "Utah Territory: Message of the President of the United States, Communication, in Compliance with a Resolution of the House, Copies of Correspondence Relative to the Condition of Affairs in the Territory of Utah ...".
Bacaan lanjutan sunting
- Bancroft, Hubert Howe; Bates, Alfred (1889), "Chapter XIX: The Utah War", History of Utah, 1540-1886, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Vol. XXVI, San Francisco: History Company, OCLC 4694895
- Campbell, Eugene E. (1988), "Chapter 14: The Utah War", Establishing Zion: The Mormon Church in the American West, 1847-1869, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 0-941214-62-1
- Poll, Richard D. (1994), , dalam Powell, Allan Kent, Utah History Encyclopedia, Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, ISBN 0874804256, OCLC 30473917, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-13, diakses tanggal 2017-02-26
- D.G. Littleford, , Historynet.com, Weider Publishers, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-01
Pranala luar sunting
- Media terkait Utah War di Wikimedia Commons
Perang Utah