Perang Kroasia-Bosnia

Perang Kroat-Bosniak adalah sebuah konflik bersenjata antara Republik Bosnia dan Herzegovina melawan Republik Kroasia Herzeg-Bosnia yang didukung oleh Kroasia. Perang ini berlangsung dari 18 Oktober 1992 hingga 23 Februari 1994. Perang ini sering kali disebut "perang dalam perang" karena merupakan bagian dari Perang Bosnia yang lebih besar. Pada awalnya, suku Bosnia (Muslim Bosnia) dan Kroat bersekutu melawan Angkatan Darat Rakyat Yugoslavia dan Angkatan Darat Republika Srpska, tetapi pada akhir tahun 1992 ketegangan di antara mereka mula memanas. Insiden baku tembak pertama terjadi pada Oktober 1992 di Bosnia. Persekutuan Bosnia-Kroat tetap dapat bertahan hingga awal tahun 1993, tetapi kemudian kerjasama mereka berakhir dan dua kelompok etnis ini mulai saling berkonflik secara terbuka.

Perang Kroasia–Bosnia
Bagian dari Perang Bosnia dan Perang Yugoslavia
Searah jarum jam dari kanan atas: sisa-sisa Stari Most di Mostar, diganti dengan jembatan kabel; Detasemen Artileri IFOR Perancis, berpatroli di dekat Mostar; tugu peringatan perang Kroasia di Vitez; tugu peringatan perang Bosnia di Stari Vitez; pemandangan Novi Travnik selama perang
Tanggal 18 Oktober 1992 – 23 Februari 1994 (1 tahun, 4 bulan dan 5 hari) Lokasi Bosnia dan Herzegovina, terutama di Bosnia Tengah dan sepanjang sungai Neretva. Hasil Persetujuan Washington Pendirian Federasi Bosnia dan Herzegovina Perubahan wilayah Wilayah Bosnia dan Herzegovina yang dikuasai oleh Dewan Pertahanan Kroasia menurun dari 20 persen menjadi 10 persen pada masa Persetujuan Washington.
Pihak terlibat
Republik Kroasia Herzeg-Bosnia  Kroasia	Republik Bosnia dan Herzegovina
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Franjo Tuđman Gojko Šušak Janko Bobetko Mate Boban Milivoj Petković Slobodan Praljak Ante Roso Valentin Ćorić	Alija Izetbegović Sefer Halilović Rasim Delić Enver Hadžihasanović Arif Pašalić Mehmed Alagić
Kekuatan
40.000–50.000 (1993)	100.000–120.000 (1993)
Korban
1,606 Tewas	Tidak Diketahui

Perang Kroat-Bosniak memanas di Bosnia tengah dan kemudian menyebar ke Herzegovina. Sebagian besar pertempuran terjadi di kedua wilayah tersebut. Angkatan perang Bosniak adalah Angkatan Darat Republik Bosnia dan Herzegovina, sementara angkatan perang Kroasia adalah Dewan Pertahanan Kroasia. Pada umumnya, konflik yang terjadi merupakan konflik sporadis dan beberapa gencatan senjata telah disepakati sepanjang perang. Namun, perang ini bukanlah perang berskala penuh dan keduanya masih bersekutu di wilayah-wilayah lain. Beberapa rencana perdamaian telah diusulkan oleh komunitas internasional semasa perang, tetapi semuanya gagal. Pada tanggal 23 Februari 1994, gencatan senjata telah disepakati dan sebuah persetujuan untuk menghentikan perang Kroat-Bosniak telah ditandatangani di Washington pada tanggal 18 Maret 1994. Pada masa ini, Dewan Pertahanan Kroasia telah kehilangan separuh wilayah yang sebelumnya mereka kendalikan. Perjanjian ini tidak hanya merukunkan pihak-pihak yang bertikai, tetapi juga mendirikan Federasi Bosnia dan Herzegovina. Pihak Kroat dan Bosniak kemudian memulai sebuah operasi bersama untuk melawan pasukan Serbia. Persekutuan ini berhasil mengubah keseimbangan kekuatan militer dan mengakhiri Perang Bosnia.

Pengadilan Pidana Internasional untuk Bekas Yugoslavia telah mendakwa sejumlah pejabat tinggi Kroat dan Bosniak atas tuduhan kejahatan perang. Dalam kasus-kasus yang menimpa pemimpin politik dan militer Republik Kroasia Herzeg-Bosnia, pengadilan ini memutuskan bahawa Kroasia memiliki kendali penuh atas Dewan Pertahanan Kroasia. Dalam putusan tingkat pertama kasus Prlić et al., pengadilan ini juga menetapkan bahwa terdapat joint criminal enterprise (kejahatan yang dilakukan bersama-sama) yang berupaya untuk menganeksasi atau mengendalikan sebagian wilayah Bosnia dan Herzegovina sesuai dengan perbatasan Banovina Kroasia pada tahun 1939.

Catatan kaki

1. CIA 1993, hlm. 28.
2. CIA 1993, hlm. 25.

Daftar pustaka

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