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Penyangkalan perubahan iklim atau penyangkalan pemanasan global adalah bagian dari kontroversi pemanasan global Ini melibatkan penyangkalan atau keraguan yang tidak beralasan yang bertentangan dengan konsensus ilmiah tentang perubahan iklim termasuk sejauh mana itu disebabkan oleh manusia dampaknya pada alam dan masyarakat atau potensi adaptasi perubahan iklim dengan tindakan manusia 2 3 4 Beberapa orang yang menyangkal mendukung istilah tersebut sementara yang lain lebih menyukai istilah skeptisisme perubahan iklim 3 Beberapa ilmuwan telah mencatat bahwa skeptisisme adalah deskripsi yang tidak akurat untuk mereka yang mennyangkal pemanasan global antropogenik 5 6 7 Penyangkalan terhadap perubahan iklim juga bisa bersifat implisit ketika individu atau kelompok sosial menerima sains mengenai perubahan iklim tetapi gagal untuk menerimanya atau menerjemahkan penerimaan mereka ke dalam tindakan 8 Beberapa studi ilmu sosial telah menganalisis posisi ini sebagai bentuk denialisme 9 10 dan pseudosains 11 Hasil tujuh makalah dari 2004 2015 menilai konsensus ilmiah tentang pemanasan global buatan manusia lihat Survei ilmuwan tentang perubahan iklim source source source source source source track track Mantan senator Tom Coburn dari Amerika Serikat pada 2017 membahas Persetujuan Paris dan menyangkal konsensus ilmiah tentang pemanasan global buatan manusia Coburn mengklaim bahwa kenaikan permukaan laut tidak lebih dari 5 mm dalam 25 tahun dan menegaskan bahwa sekarang terjadi pendinginan global Pada 2013 dia berkata Saya adalah penyangkal pemanasan global Saya tidak menyangkal hal itu 1 Kampanye untuk melemahkan kepercayaan publik terhadap ilmu tentang perubahan iklim telah disebut sebagai mesin penyangkalan yang diatur oleh kepentingan industri politik dan ideologis dan didukung oleh media konservatif dan blogger skeptis untuk membuat buat ketidakpastian tentang pemanasan global 12 13 14 Politik pemanasan global telah dipengaruhi oleh penyangkalan perubahan iklim merongrong upaya untuk melakukan mitigasi perubahan iklim atau beradaptasi dengan iklim yang memanas 15 16 17 Mereka yang mempromosikan penyangkalan umumnya menggunakan taktik retorika untuk memberikan kesan kontroversi ilmiah meskipun sebenarnya tidak ada kontroversi 18 19 Kampanye terorganisir untuk melemahkan kepercayaan publik dalam ilmu iklim dikaitkan dengan kebijakan ekonomi konservatif dan didukung oleh kepentingan industri yang bertentangan dengan regulasi emisi karbon dioksida 20 Penyangkalan perubahan iklim telah dikaitkan dengan lobi bahan bakar fosil Koch bersaudara advokat industri dan wadah pemikir konservatif sering kali di Amerika Serikat 16 21 22 23 Lebih dari 90 makalah yang skeptis terhadap perubahan iklim berasal dari wadah pemikir sayap kanan 24 Sejak akhir 1970 an perusahaan minyak bumi telah menerbitkan riset yang secara luas sejalan dengan pandangan standar tentang pemanasan global Meskipun demikian perusahaan minyak melakukan kampanye penyangkalan perubahan iklim untuk menyebarluaskan disinformasi publik selama beberapa dekade sebuah strategi yang telah dibandingkan dengan penyangkalan terorganisir terhadap bahaya merokok tembakau oleh industri tembakau 25 26 27 Referensi sunting Brown Alex 27 August 2013 Tom Coburn Labels Himself a Global Warming Denier The Atlantic Diakses tanggal 23 October 2017 citing TulsaWorld archived article Kesalahan pengutipan Tag lt ref gt tidak sah tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama ncse pillars a b Why Is It Called Denial National Center for Science Education 2016 01 15 Diakses tanggal 21 January 2016 Kesalahan pengutipan Tag lt ref gt tidak sah tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Powell2012 Bjornberg Karin Edvardsson et al 2017 Climate and environmental science denial A review of the scientific literature published in 1990 2015 Journal of Cleaner Production 167 229 241 doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2017 08 066 Kesalahan pengutipan Tag lt ref gt tidak sah tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Washington p2 Kesalahan pengutipan Tag lt ref gt tidak sah tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama O Neill Boykoff 2010 Kesalahan pengutipan Tag lt ref gt tidak sah tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama NCSE implicit Dunlap 2013 hlm 691 698 There is debate over which term is most appropriate Those involved in challenging climate science label themselves skeptics Yet skepticism is a common characteristic of scientists making it inappropriate to allow those who deny AGW to don the mantle of skeptics It seems best to think of skepticism denial as a continuum with some individuals and interest groups holding a skeptical view of AGW and others in complete denial Timmer 2014 Sven Ove Hansson Science denial as a form of pseudoscience Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 63 2017 39 47 doi 10 1016 j shpsa 2017 05 002 Vaidyanathan 2014 Dunlap 2013 hlm 691 698 From the outset there has been an organized disinformation campaign to manufacture uncertainty over AGW especially by attacking climate science and scientists waged by a loose coalition of industrial especially fossil fuels interests and conservative foundations and think tanks often assisted by a small number of contrarian scientists greatly aided by conservative media and politicians and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers This denial machine has played a crucial role in generating skepticism toward AGW among laypeople and policy makers Begley 2007 ICE and the Global Climate Coalition lobbied hard against a global treaty to curb greenhouse gases and were joined by a central cog in the denial machine the George C Marshall Institute a conservative think tank the denial machine think tanks linking up with like minded contrarian researchers Dunlap 2013 Even though climate science has now firmly established that global warming is occurring that human activities contribute to this warming a significant portion of the American public remains ambivalent or unconcerned and many policymakers especially in the United States deny the necessity of taking steps to reduce carbon emissions From the outset there has been an organized disinformation campaign to generate skepticism and denial concerning AGW a b Kesalahan pengutipan Tag lt ref gt tidak sah tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama freeman351 Painter amp Ashe 2012 Despite a high degree of consensus amongst publishing climate researchers that global warming is occurring and that it is anthropogenic this discourse promoted largely by non scientists has had a significant impact on public perceptions of the issue fostering the impression that elite opinion is divided as to the nature and extent of the threat Hoofnagle Mark 30 April 2007 Hello Science blogs Welcome to Denialism blog Denialism is the employment of rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of argument or legitimate debate when in actuality there is none These false arguments are used when one has few or no facts to support one s viewpoint against a scientific consensus or against overwhelming evidence to the contrary They are effective in distracting from actual useful debate using emotionally appealing but ultimately empty and illogical assertions Examples of common topics in which denialists employ their tactics include Creationism Intelligent Design Global Warming denialism and 5 general tactics are used by denialists to sow confusion They are conspiracy selectivity cherry picking fake experts impossible expectations also known as moving goalposts and general fallacies of logic Kesalahan pengutipan Tag lt ref gt tidak sah tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Deithelm McKie Klein Naomi 9 November 2011 Capitalism vs the Climate The Nation Diakses tanggal 2 January 2012 Dunlap 2013 The campaign has been waged by a loose coalition of industrial especially fossil fuels interests and conservative foundations and think tanks These actors are greatly aided by conservative media and politicians and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers David Michaels 2008 Doubt is Their Product How Industry s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health Hoggan James Littlemore Richard 2009 Climate Cover Up The Crusade to Deny Global Warming Vancouver Greystone Books ISBN 978 1 55365 485 8 Diakses tanggal 19 March 2010 See e g p31 ff describing industry based advocacy strategies in the context of climate change denial and p73 ff describing involvement of free market think tanks in climate change denial Xifra Jordi 2016 Climate Change Deniers and Advocacy A Situational Theory of Publics Approach American Behavioral Scientist 60 3 276 287 doi 10 1177 0002764215613403 Kesalahan pengutipan Tag lt ref gt tidak sah tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama NYT 20151105 Kesalahan pengutipan Tag lt ref gt tidak sah tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama TG 20150708 Shell knew oil giant s 1991 film warned of climate change danger The GuardianDaftar pustaka suntingAntilla Liisa 2005 Climate of scepticism US newspaper coverage of the science of climate change Global Environmental Change 15 4 338 352 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 372 2033 nbsp doi 10 1016 j gloenvcha 2005 08 003 Begley Sharon 13 August 2007 The Truth About Denial Newsweek Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 October 2007 MSNBC single page version archived 20 August 2007 Bjornberg Karin Edvardsson et al 2017 Climate and environmental science denial A review of the scientific literature published in 1990 2015 Journal of Cleaner Production 167 229 241 doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2017 08 066 Boslough Mark 5 December 2014 Deniers are not Skeptics Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Diakses tanggal 7 July 2015 Brown R G E Jr 23 October 1996 Environmental science under siege Fringe science and the 104th Congress U S House of Representatives PDF Report Democratic Caucus of the Committee on Science Washington D C U S House of Representatives Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 26 September 2007 CBC News the fifth estate 2007 The Denial Machine Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 March 2007 Diakses tanggal 29 July 2015 Conway Erik Oreskes Naomi 2010 Merchants of Doubt How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming USA Bloomsbury ISBN 978 1 59691 610 4 Diethelm Pascal McKee Martin January 2009 Denialism what is it and how should scientists respond PDF European Journal of Public Health 19 1 2 4 doi 10 1093 eurpub ckn139 PMID 19158101 Dunlap Riley E McCright Aaron M 2011 Climate Change Denial Sources actors and strategies Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 415 54478 8 Dunlap Riley E 2013 Climate Change Skepticism and Denial An Introduction American Behavioral Scientist 57 6 691 698 doi 10 1177 0002764213477097 Diakses tanggal 27 May 2015 Dunlap Riley E McCright Aaron M 2011 Organised Climate Change Denial Dalam Dryzek John S Norgaard Richard B Schlosberg David The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society Oxford University Press hlm 153 ISBN 978 0 19 956660 0 Dunlap R E Jacques P J 2013 Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks Exploring the Connection American Behavioral Scientist 57 6 699 731 doi 10 1177 0002764213477096 PMC 3787818 nbsp PMID 24098056 Gelbspan Ross December 1995 The heat is on The warming of the world s climate sparks a blaze of denial Harper s Magazine Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 March 2016 Diakses tanggal 2 June 2015 Gelbspan Ross 1 January 1997 The Heat is on The High Stakes Battle Over Earth s Threatened Climate Addison Wesley Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 201 13295 3 Gelbspan Ross 1998 The heat is on the climate crisis the cover up the prescription Reading Mass Perseus Books ISBN 978 0 7382 0025 5 Hamilton Clive 7 April 2011 Requiem for a Species Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change Routledge ISBN 978 1 84977 498 7 Jacques P J Dunlap Riley E Freeman M 2008 The organisation of denial Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism Environmental Politics 17 3 349 385 doi 10 1080 09644010802055576 Jenkins Stephen H 2015 Tools for Critical Thinking in Biology Oxford University Press hlm 229 243 ISBN 9780199981045 Kemp Jeremy Milne Richard Reay Dave S 2010 Sceptics and deniers of climate change not to be confused Nature 464 7289 673 Bibcode 2010Natur 464 673K doi 10 1038 464673a PMID 20360714 Diakses tanggal 7 September 2015 Lever Tracy Constance 2010 Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 203 87621 3 Mooney Chris 2005 The Republican war on science New York Basic Books ISBN 978 0 465 04675 1 National Center for Science Education 5 January 2012 Why Is It Called Denial National Center for Science Education Diakses tanggal 2 June 2015 National Center for Science Education 4 June 2010 Climate change is good science National Center for Science Education Diakses tanggal 21 June 2015 Nerlich Brigitte 2010 Climategate Paradoxical Metaphors and Political Paralysis Environmental Values 19 4 419 442 doi 10 3197 096327110x531543 Diakses tanggal 4 July 2015 Orloci L 2008 Vegetation displacement issues and transition statistics in climate warming cycle Community Ecology 9 1 83 98 doi 10 1556 comec 9 2008 1 10 Diakses tanggal 29 July 2015 Painter James Ashe Teresa 2012 Cross national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries 2007 Environ Res Lett 7 4 044005 Bibcode 2012ERL 7d4005P doi 10 1088 1748 9326 7 4 044005 Diakses tanggal 27 May 2015 Powell James Lawrence 1 December 2012 The Inquisition of Climate Science Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 15719 3 Rennie John 30 November 2009 Seven Answers to Climate Contrarian Nonsense Scientific American Timmer John 16 December 2014 Skeptics deniers and contrarians The climate science label game Ars Technica Vaidyanathan Gayathri 2014 What Have Climate Scientists Learned from 20 Year Fight with Deniers Scientific American Washington Haydn 2013 Climate Change Denial Heads in the Sand Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 53004 3 Weart Spencer R July 2007 Roger Revelle s Discovery The Discovery of Global Warming American Institute of Physics Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016 06 29 Diakses tanggal 18 July 2015 Weart Spencer R February 2015 The Public and Climate cont The Discovery of Global Warming American Institute of Physics Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010 05 04 Diakses tanggal 2 June 2015 Weart Spencer R June 2015 Government The View from Washington DC The Discovery of Global Warming American Institute of Physics Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016 06 29 Diakses tanggal 18 July 2015 Weart Spencer 2011 Global warming How skepticism became denial PDF Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 67 1 41 50 doi 10 1177 0096340210392966 Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 10 June 2015 Bacaan lebih lanjut sunting nbsp Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan Penyangkalan perubahan iklim nbsp Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Climate change denial Kathy Mulvey January 2017 Tillerson Refuses to Acknowledge ExxonMobil s Efforts to Deceive the Public on Climate Change Diarsipkan 2017 07 09 di Wayback Machine Hausfather Zeke January 2017 No Pause in Global Warming Oceans Heating Up and Sea Levels Rising at Alarming Pace Diarsipkan 2017 01 13 di Wayback Machine Details the findings of a new report that confirms NOAA data about climate change David Kaiser and Lee Wasserman December 2016 Part 1 and Part 2 New York Review of Books Frontline Climate of Doubt PBS 23 October 2012 Retrieved 2012 10 25 Dealing in Doubt The climate denial industry and climate science a brief history of attacks on climate science climate scientists and the IPCC Greenpeace 24 March 2010 Diakses tanggal 22 September 2014 Bowen Mark 2008 Censoring Science Dr James Hansen and the Truth of Global Warming Plume ISBN 0 452 28962 9 McCright Aaron M Dunlap Riley E 2003 Defeating Kyoto The Conservative Movement s Impact on U S Climate Change Policy PDF Social Problems 50 3 348 373 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 189 3388 nbsp doi 10 1525 sp 2003 50 3 348 Shearer Christine 2011 Kivalina A Climate Change Story Haymarket Books ISBN 978 1 60846 128 8 Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Penyangkalan perubahan iklim amp oldid 22491266