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Pemerkosaan genosidal adalah tindakan sebuah kelompok yang melakukan tindak pemerkosaan massal pada masa perang terhadap

Pemerkosaan genosidal

Pemerkosaan genosidal adalah tindakan sebuah kelompok yang melakukan tindak pemerkosaan massal pada masa perang terhadap pihak yang mereka anggap sebagai musuh sebagai bagian dari kampanye genosidal. Pada Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh, Perang Yugoslavia, Genosida Rwanda, Perang Sudara Irak dan Genosida Rohingya di Myanmar, pemerkosaan massal telah menjadi bagian integral dari konflik-konflik tersebut yang membawa konsep pemerkosaan genosidal ke kancah internasional. Meskipun pemerkosaan perang telah berulang kali terjadi dalam konflik sepanjang sejarah, peristiwa tersebut biasanya dipandang sebagai produk konflik, dan bukan bagian integral dari kebijakan militer.

Kekerasan terhadap wanita pada masa Pemisahan india juga dikutip sebagai contoh pemerkosaan genosidal.

Catatan kaki sunting

Referensi sunting

  1. Totten & Bartrop 2007, hlm. 159–160.
  2. Sharlach 2000, hlm. 92–93.
  3. ^ Sajjad 2012, hlm. 225.
  4. Ghadbian 2002, hlm. 111.
  5. Mookherjee 2012, hlm. 68.
  6. Sharlach 2000, hlm. 90.
  7. Miller 2009, hlm. 53.
  8. Fisher 1996, hlm. 91–133.
  9. R. Brass, Paul (2003). "The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes". Journal of Genocide Research. 5: 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657. 

Daftar pustaka sunting

  • Allen, Beverly (1996). Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816628186. 
  • Bisaz, Corsin (2012). The Concept of Group Rights in International Law: Groups as Contested Right-Holders, Subjects and Legal Persons. Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 978-9004228702. 
  • Brownmiller, Susan (1975). Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-449-90820-4. 
  • Card, Claudia (2008). "The Paradox of Genocidal Rape Aimed at Enforced Pregnancy". The Southern Journal of Philosophy. S1 (46): 176–189. doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.2008.tb00162.x. 
  • De Brouwer, Anne-Marie (2010). "Introduction". Dalam Anne-Marie De Brouwer, Sandra Ka Hon Chu. The Men Who Killed Me: Rwandan Survivors of Sexual Violence. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1553653103. 
  • Eftekhari, Shiva (2004). Rwanda, Struggling to Survive: Barriers to Justice for Rape Victims in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch. 
  • Fielding, Leila (2012). Female Génocidaires: What was the Nature and Motivations for Hutu Female. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3656324409. 
  • Fisher, Siobhán K. (1996). "Occupation of the Womb: Forced Impregnation as Genocide". Duke Law Journal. 46 (1): 91–133. doi:10.2307/1372967. JSTOR 1372967. 
  • Joeden-Forgey, Elisa Von (2010). "Gender and Genocide". Dalam Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses. The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199232116. 
  • Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415353847. 
  • Leaning, Jennifer; Bartels, Susan; Mowafi, Hani (2009). "Sexual Violence during War and Forced Migration". Dalam Susan Forbes Martin, John Tirman. Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle. Springer. hlm. 173–199. ISBN 978-9048128242. 
  • Miller, Sarah Clark (2009). "Atrocity, Harm, and resistance". Dalam Andrea Veltman, Kathryn Norlock. Evil, Political Violence, and Forgiveness: Essays in Honor of Claudia Card. Lexington. hlm. 53–76. ISBN 978-0739136508. 
  • MacKinnon, Catherine A. (2006). "Genocide Rape Is Different Than War Rape". Center on Law & Globalization. 
  • Poloni-Staudinger, Lori; Ortbals, Candice D. (2012). "Rape as a Weapon of War and Genocide". Terrorism and Violent Conflict: Women's Agency, Leadership, and Responses. Springer. ISBN 978-1461456407. 
  • Rothe, Dawn (2009). State Criminality: The Crime of All Crimes. Lexington. ISBN 978-0739126721. 
  • Russell-Brown, Sherrie L. (2003). "Rape as an Act of Genocide". Berkeley Journal of International Law. 21 (2). 
  • Sajjad, Tazreena (2012). "The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women". Dalam Samuel Totten. Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide (edisi ke-Reprint). Transaction. hlm. 219–248. ISBN 978-1412847599. 
  • Sharlach, Lisa (2000). "Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda". New Political Science. 1 (22): 89–102. doi:10.1080/713687893. 
  • Smith, Roger W. (2013). "Genocide and the Politics of Rape". Dalam Joyce Apsel, Ernesto Verdeja. Genocide Matters: Ongoing Issues and Emerging Perspectives. Routledge. hlm. 82–105. ISBN 978-0415814966. 
  • Smith-Spark, Laura (8 December 2004). "How did rape become a weapon of war?". British Broadcasting Corporation. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2013. 
  • Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2007). Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0313329678. 
  • Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2005). Evil and Human Agency: Understanding Collective Evildoing. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521673570. 
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Tanggal penerbitan:
Pemerkosaan genosidal adalah tindakan sebuah kelompok yang melakukan tindak pemerkosaan massal pada masa perang terhadap pihak yang mereka anggap sebagai musuh sebagai bagian dari kampanye genosidal 1 Pada Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh 2 3 4 5 Perang Yugoslavia Genosida Rwanda 3 6 Perang Sudara Irak dan Genosida Rohingya di Myanmar pemerkosaan massal telah menjadi bagian integral dari konflik konflik tersebut yang membawa konsep pemerkosaan genosidal ke kancah internasional 7 Meskipun pemerkosaan perang telah berulang kali terjadi dalam konflik sepanjang sejarah peristiwa tersebut biasanya dipandang sebagai produk konflik dan bukan bagian integral dari kebijakan militer 8 Kekerasan terhadap wanita pada masa Pemisahan india juga dikutip sebagai contoh pemerkosaan genosidal 9 Catatan kaki suntingReferensi sunting Totten amp Bartrop 2007 hlm 159 160 Sharlach 2000 hlm 92 93 a b Sajjad 2012 hlm 225 Ghadbian 2002 hlm 111 Mookherjee 2012 hlm 68 Sharlach 2000 hlm 90 Miller 2009 hlm 53 Fisher 1996 hlm 91 133 R Brass Paul 2003 The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab 1946 47 means methods and purposes Journal of Genocide Research 5 71 101 doi 10 1080 14623520305657 Daftar pustaka suntingAllen Beverly 1996 Rape Warfare The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia Herzegovina and Croatia nbsp University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0816628186 Bisaz Corsin 2012 The Concept of Group Rights in International Law Groups as Contested Right Holders Subjects and Legal Persons Martinus Nijhoff ISBN 978 9004228702 Brownmiller Susan 1975 Against Our Will Men Women and Rape Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 449 90820 4 Card Claudia 2008 The Paradox of Genocidal Rape Aimed at Enforced Pregnancy The Southern Journal of Philosophy S1 46 176 189 doi 10 1111 j 2041 6962 2008 tb00162 x De Brouwer Anne Marie 2010 Introduction Dalam Anne Marie De Brouwer Sandra Ka Hon Chu The Men Who Killed Me Rwandan Survivors of Sexual Violence Douglas amp McIntyre ISBN 978 1553653103 Eftekhari Shiva 2004 Rwanda Struggling to Survive Barriers to Justice for Rape Victims in Rwanda Human Rights Watch Fielding Leila 2012 Female Genocidaires What was the Nature and Motivations for Hutu Female GRIN Verlag ISBN 978 3656324409 Fisher Siobhan K 1996 Occupation of the Womb Forced Impregnation as Genocide Duke Law Journal 46 1 91 133 doi 10 2307 1372967 JSTOR 1372967 Joeden Forgey Elisa Von 2010 Gender and Genocide Dalam Donald Bloxham A Dirk Moses The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199232116 Jones Adam 2006 Genocide A Comprehensive Introduction Routledge ISBN 978 0415353847 Leaning Jennifer Bartels Susan Mowafi Hani 2009 Sexual Violence during War and Forced Migration Dalam Susan Forbes Martin John Tirman Women Migration and Conflict Breaking a Deadly Cycle Springer hlm 173 199 ISBN 978 9048128242 Miller Sarah Clark 2009 Atrocity Harm and resistance Dalam Andrea Veltman Kathryn Norlock Evil Political Violence and Forgiveness Essays in Honor of Claudia Card Lexington hlm 53 76 ISBN 978 0739136508 MacKinnon Catherine A 2006 Genocide Rape Is Different Than War Rape Center on Law amp Globalization Poloni Staudinger Lori Ortbals Candice D 2012 Rape as a Weapon of War and Genocide Terrorism and Violent Conflict Women s Agency Leadership and Responses Springer ISBN 978 1461456407 Rothe Dawn 2009 State Criminality The Crime of All Crimes Lexington ISBN 978 0739126721 Russell Brown Sherrie L 2003 Rape as an Act of Genocide Berkeley Journal of International Law 21 2 Sajjad Tazreena 2012 The Post Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women Dalam Samuel Totten Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide edisi ke Reprint Transaction hlm 219 248 ISBN 978 1412847599 Sharlach Lisa 2000 Rape as Genocide Bangladesh the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda New Political Science 1 22 89 102 doi 10 1080 713687893 Smith Roger W 2013 Genocide and the Politics of Rape Dalam Joyce Apsel Ernesto Verdeja Genocide Matters Ongoing Issues and Emerging Perspectives Routledge hlm 82 105 ISBN 978 0415814966 Smith Spark Laura 8 December 2004 How did rape become a weapon of war British Broadcasting Corporation Diakses tanggal 29 December 2013 Totten Samuel Bartrop Paul R 2007 Dictionary of Genocide Greenwood ISBN 978 0313329678 Vetlesen Arne Johan 2005 Evil and Human Agency Understanding Collective Evildoing Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0521673570 Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Pemerkosaan genosidal amp oldid 25157363