Operasi Torch (sering disebut Operasi Gymnast) adalah invasi Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya ke Afrika Utara Prancis selama Perang Dunia II yang dimulai pada tanggal 8 November 1942. Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya memenangkan pertempuran ini.
| Operasi Torch | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bagian dari Perang Dunia II | ||||||
Tentara sekutu mencapai pantai dekat Aljazair. | ||||||
| ||||||
| Pihak terlibat | ||||||
| Amerika Serikat Britania Raya Prancis bebas | Prancis Vichy | |||||
| Tokoh dan pemimpin | ||||||
| Dwight Eisenhower Andrew Cunningham | François Darlan | |||||
| Kekuatan | ||||||
| 73.500 | 60.000 | |||||
| Korban | ||||||
| 479+ tewas 720 terluka | 1.346+ tewas 1.997 terluka |
Lihat pula Sunting
Bibliografi Sunting
- Les Cahiers Français, La part de la Résistance Française dans les évènements d'Afrique du Nord (Official reports of French Resistance Group leaders who seized Algiers on 8 November 1942, to allow allied landing), Commissariat à l'Information of Free French Comité National, London, Aug. 1943.
- Melvin K. Whiteleather, Main street's new neighbors, J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1945.
- Aboulker, Professeur José; Levisse-Touzé, Christine (2002). "8 novembre 1942: Les armées américaine et anglaise prennent Alger en quinze heures". Espoir (dalam bahasa French). Paris (n° 133).
- Allen, Bruce (2007) [1999]. Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43. Stackpole Military History Series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3381-6.
- Anderson, Charles R. (1993). . WWII Campaigns. Washington: United States Army Center of Military History. ISBN 0-16-038105-3. CMH Pub 72-11. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-04-05. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-27.
- Breuer, William B. (1985). Operation Torch: The Allied Gamble to Invade North Africa. New York: St.Martins Press.
- Brown, J. D. (1968). Carrier Operations in World War II: The Royal Navy. London: Ian Allan.
- Danan, Professeur Yves Maxime (1963). La Vie Politique à Alger de 1940 à 1944 (dalam bahasa French). Paris: L.G.D.J.
- Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe. London: William Heinemann. OCLC 559866864.
- Edwards, Bernard (1999). Dönitz and the Wolf Packs. Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-927-5.
- Funk, Arthur L. (1974). The Politics of Torch. University Press of Kansas.
- Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-019-3.
- Howe, George F. (1993) [1957]. . The United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. LCCN 57060021. CMH Pub 6-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-05-28. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-27.
- Levisse-Touzé, Christine (1998). L'Afrique du Nord dans la guerre, 1939–1945 (dalam bahasa French). Paris: Albin Michel.
- Lewis, Adrian S. (2001). Omaha Beach: a flawed victory. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2609-X.
- Meyer, Leo J. (2000) [1960]. . Dalam Kent Roberts Greenfield. Command Decisions. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 70-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-05. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-27.
- Michel, Henri (1993). Darlan. Paris: Hachette.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (1947). Operations in North African Waters: Vol. II of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 0-7858-1303-9.
- Moses, Sam (November 2006). At All Costs; How a Crippled Ship and Two American Merchant Mariners Turned the Tide of World War II. Random House.
- O'Hara, Vincent P. (2015) Torch: North African and the Allied Path to Victory (Annapolis: Naval Institute, 2015). x, 371 pp.
- Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C.; Flynn R.N., Captain F. C. & Gleave, Group Captain T. P. (2004) [1st HMSO 1966]. Butler, J. R. M., ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. IV. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-068-8.
- Rohwer, J. & Hummelchen, G. (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-105-X.
- Salinas, Alfred (2013) Les Américains en Algérie 1942–1945 (in French), L'Harmattan, Paris
- Watson, Bruce Allen (2007) [1999]. Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43. Stackpole Military History Series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3381-6. OCLC 40595324.
- Atkinson, Rick (2002). An Army at Dawn. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-6288-2.
Bacaan lanjutan
- The Decision to Invade North Africa (TORCH) 2010-05-15 di Wayback Machine. part of Command Decisions 2009-03-05 di Wayback Machine. a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History
- Algeria-French Morocco 2009-04-05 di Wayback Machine. a book in the U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II series of the United States Army Center of Military History
Pranala luar Sunting
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Operasi Torch.
- The Decision To Invade North Africa (TORCH)
- US Army history of the operation
- A detailed history of 8th November 1942 2005-02-08 di Wayback Machine.
- Combined Ops
- USS Augusta (CA-31) - Flagship of Operation Torch (Western Naval Task Force)
- The accord Franco-Américan of Messelmoun (in French) 2005-08-19 di Wayback Machine.
- Operation TORCH Planning Exercise by Stephen Sledge 2008-09-17 di Wayback Machine. (Very detailed)
- Royal Engineers Museum 2009-05-03 di Wayback Machine. Royal Engineers and Second World War (Operation Torch)
- Report of the Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces to the Combined Chief of Staff on Operations in North Africa
- Operation Torch: Allied Invasion of North Africa 2007-09-30 di Wayback Machine. article by Williamson Murray