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Operasi Crossroads adalah serangkaian uji coba nuklir yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat di Atol Bikini Samudera Pasifi

Operasi Crossroads

Operasi Crossroads adalah serangkaian uji coba nuklir yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat di Atol Bikini, Samudera Pasifik, pada musim panas 1946. Tujuan operasi ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh senjata nuklir terhadap kapal angkatan laut. Tekanan untuk membatalkan operasi ini datang dari para ilmuwan dan diplomat. Para ilmuwan yang terlibat dalam Proyek Manhattan menilai bahwa operasi tersebut tidak perlu dilakukan karena membahayakan lingkungan. Riset yang dilakukan oleh Los Alamos menunjukkan bahwa uji coba ini akan mengubah "kondisi air di sekitar permukaan ledakan menjadi cairan mematikan" akibat radioaktif. Untuk mempersiapkan uji coba ini, penduduk asli Bikini dipindahkan ke pulau-pulau yang lebih kecil dan tidak berpenghuni.

Operation Crossroads
Awan berbentuk jamur dan cipratan air akibat ledakan nuklir bawah air Baker pada 25 Juli 1946.
Information
NegaraAmerika Serikat
TempatNE Lagoon, Bikini Atoll
Periode1946
Jumlah pengujian2
Jenis pengujianDijatuhkan dari langit ke dasar laut
Kekuatan maks.23 kiloton TNT (96 TJ)
Kronologi rangkaian uji coba
← Trinity
Sandstone →

Bom yang digunakan adalah Baker, senjata 23-kiloton nuklir yang diledakkan di bawah laut Bikini Atoll pada tahun 1946. Kapal laut yang mengambil foto dokumentasi pun relatif dekat, serta tidak diberi perlindungan terhadap dampak ledakan.

Catatan kaki sunting

  1. Niedenthal, Jack (2008), A Short History of the People of Bikini Atoll, diakses tanggal 2009-12-05 

Referensi sunting

  • Bradley, David (1948), No Place to Hide, Boston: Little, Brown, OCLC 622505066 
  • Bulletin Editors (1946), "Operation Crossroads: The Effect of the Atomic Bomb on Naval Power", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Chicago (Vol. 1, No. 5, February 15. 1946), hlm. 1 
  • Campbell, Richard H. (2005), The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, ISBN 0-7864-2139-8, OCLC 58554961 
  • Christman, Albert B. (1998), Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-120-3, OCLC 38257982 
  • Compton, Arthur H. (1956), Atomic Quest, New York: Oxford University Press, OCLC 173307 
  • Coster-Mullen, John (2003), Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man, Milwaukee: Self published 
  • Daly, Thomas N. (1986), "Crossroads at Bikini", Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland (Vol. 112, No. 7, July 1986), hlm. 65–74, ISSN 0041-798X 
  • Davis, Jeffrey (1994), "Bombing Bikini Again (This Time With Money): Decades after their Atoll was Nearly Vaporized by Nuclear Tests, Bikinians Consider Selling their Home to Americans – as an Atomic Theme Park", New York Times Magazine, New York (May 1, 1994), ISSN 0028-7822, diakses tanggal November 8, 2009 
  • Delgado, James P. (1991), The Archeology of the Atomic Bomb: A Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment of the Sunken Fleet of Operation Crossroads at Bikini and Kwajalein Atoll Lagoons, Santa Fe, New Mexico: National Park Service, ASIN B0014H9NEW, diakses tanggal November 8, 2009 
  • Delgado, James P. (1996), Ghost Fleet: The Sunken Ships of Bikini Atoll, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-1864-7 
  • Fletcher, E. Royce (1977), "Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer", dalam Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip, The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (edisi ke-3rd), Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office: 1977 O-213-794, diakses tanggal December 16, 2009 
  • Glasstone, Samuel (1967), Sourcebook on Atomic Energy (edisi ke-3rd), Huntington, New York: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Inc. (1979 reprint edition), ISBN 978-0-88275-898-5 
  • Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip (1977), The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (edisi ke-3rd), Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office: 1977 O-213-794, ISBN 0-16-002036-0 
  • Groves, Leslie (1962), Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project, New York: Harper, ISBN 0-306-70738-1, OCLC 537684 
  • Hansen, Chuck (1995), Volume VII: The Development of US Nuclear Weapons, Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945, Sunnyvale, California: Chukelea Publications, ISBN 978-0-9791915-1-0, OCLC 231585284 
  • Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences (1996), Thaul, William; Page, William F.; Crawford, Harriet, ed., The Five Series Study: Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test: Study pursuant to 1983 Public Law 98–160, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, ISBN 978-0-585-14895-3, OCLC 43477109, diakses tanggal May 16, 2009 
  • Life Editors (1947), "What Science Learned at Bikini", Life, New York (Vol. 23, No. 16, August 11, 1947), hlm. 74–85, ISSN 0024-3019 
  • Navy History and Heritage Command (2002), , Washington, DC, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 24, 2012, diakses tanggal January 1, 2008 
  • Newson, Henry W. (1945), Memorandum to Norris Bradbury, December 17, 1945, Possible Difficulties in Naval Tests, Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory, DOE/CIC 120851 
  • Oertling, Thomas James (1996), Ships' Bilge Pumps: a History of their Development, 1500–1900, Vancouver, BC: Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 978-0-89096-722-5 
  • Peterson, Howard C. (1946), Memorandum to General J. Lawton Collins, February 12, 1946, Washington, DC: Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, RG 107 (Atomic Energy Folder), National Archives 
  • Shurcliff, William A. (1946), Operation Crossroads: The Official Pictorial Record, New York: William H. Wise and Co., OCLC 1223420, diakses tanggal December 14, 2009 
  • Shurcliff, William A. (1947), Bombs at Bikini: The Official Report of Operation Crossroads, New York: William H. Wise and Co., OCLC 1492066, diakses tanggal December 14, 2009 
  • Strauss, Lewis (1962), Men and Decisions, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, OCLC 456825 
  • Szilard, Leo (1978), Weart, Spencer R.; Szilard, Gertrude Weiss, ed., Leo Szilard: his Version of the Facts: Selected Recollections and Correspondence, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, Bibcode:1979lshv.book.....W, ISBN 978-0-262-69070-6 
  • Warren, Stafford L. (1947), "Conclusions: Tests Proved Irresistible Spread of Radioactivity", Life, New York (Vol. 23, No. 16, August 11, 1947), hlm. 86, 88 
  • Waters, Odale D., Jr. (1986), "Crossroads: A Tin Can Perspective", Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland (Vol. 112, No. 7, July 1986), hlm. 72–74, ISSN 0041-798X 
  • Weisgall, Jonathan (1994), Operation Crossroads: The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1-55750-919-2 

Pranala luar sunting

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Operasi Crossroads.
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Operation Crossroads.
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Tanggal penerbitan:
Operasi Crossroads adalah serangkaian uji coba nuklir yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat di Atol Bikini Samudera Pasifik pada musim panas 1946 Tujuan operasi ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh senjata nuklir terhadap kapal angkatan laut Tekanan untuk membatalkan operasi ini datang dari para ilmuwan dan diplomat Para ilmuwan yang terlibat dalam Proyek Manhattan menilai bahwa operasi tersebut tidak perlu dilakukan karena membahayakan lingkungan Riset yang dilakukan oleh Los Alamos menunjukkan bahwa uji coba ini akan mengubah kondisi air di sekitar permukaan ledakan menjadi cairan mematikan akibat radioaktif Untuk mempersiapkan uji coba ini penduduk asli Bikini dipindahkan ke pulau pulau yang lebih kecil dan tidak berpenghuni 1 Operation CrossroadsAwan berbentuk jamur dan cipratan air akibat ledakan nuklir bawah air Baker pada 25 Juli 1946 InformationNegaraAmerika SerikatTempatNE Lagoon Bikini AtollPeriode1946Jumlah pengujian2Jenis pengujianDijatuhkan dari langit ke dasar lautKekuatan maks 23 kiloton TNT 96 TJ Kronologi rangkaian uji coba TrinitySandstone Bom yang digunakan adalah Baker senjata 23 kiloton nuklir yang diledakkan di bawah laut Bikini Atoll pada tahun 1946 Kapal laut yang mengambil foto dokumentasi pun relatif dekat serta tidak diberi perlindungan terhadap dampak ledakan Catatan kaki sunting Niedenthal Jack 2008 A Short History of the People of Bikini Atoll diakses tanggal 2009 12 05 Referensi suntingBradley David 1948 No Place to Hide Boston Little Brown OCLC 622505066 Bulletin Editors 1946 Operation Crossroads The Effect of the Atomic Bomb on Naval Power Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Chicago Vol 1 No 5 February 15 1946 hlm 1 Pemeliharaan CS1 Teks tambahan authors list link Campbell Richard H 2005 The Silverplate Bombers A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B 29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs Jefferson North Carolina McFarland amp Company ISBN 0 7864 2139 8 OCLC 58554961 Christman Albert B 1998 Target Hiroshima Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 1 55750 120 3 OCLC 38257982 Compton Arthur H 1956 Atomic Quest New York Oxford University Press OCLC 173307 Coster Mullen John 2003 Atom Bombs The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man Milwaukee Self published Daly Thomas N 1986 Crossroads at Bikini Proceedings of the U S Naval Institute Annapolis Maryland Vol 112 No 7 July 1986 hlm 65 74 ISSN 0041 798X Davis Jeffrey 1994 Bombing Bikini Again This Time With Money Decades after their Atoll was Nearly Vaporized by Nuclear Tests Bikinians Consider Selling their Home to Americans as an Atomic Theme Park New York Times Magazine New York May 1 1994 ISSN 0028 7822 diakses tanggal November 8 2009 Delgado James P 1991 The Archeology of the Atomic Bomb A Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment of the Sunken Fleet of Operation Crossroads at Bikini and Kwajalein Atoll Lagoons Santa Fe New Mexico National Park Service ASIN B0014H9NEW diakses tanggal November 8 2009 Delgado James P 1996 Ghost Fleet The Sunken Ships of Bikini Atoll Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 1864 7 Fletcher E Royce 1977 Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer dalam Glasstone Samuel Dolan Philip The Effects of Nuclear Weapons edisi ke 3rd Washington DC U S Government Printing Office 1977 O 213 794 diakses tanggal December 16 2009 Glasstone Samuel 1967 Sourcebook on Atomic Energy edisi ke 3rd Huntington New York Robert E Krieger Publishing Company Inc 1979 reprint edition ISBN 978 0 88275 898 5 Glasstone Samuel Dolan Philip 1977 The Effects of Nuclear Weapons edisi ke 3rd Washington DC U S Government Printing Office 1977 O 213 794 ISBN 0 16 002036 0 Groves Leslie 1962 Now It Can Be Told The Story of the Manhattan Project New York Harper ISBN 0 306 70738 1 OCLC 537684 Hansen Chuck 1995 Volume VII The Development of US Nuclear Weapons Swords of Armageddon US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945 Sunnyvale California Chukelea Publications ISBN 978 0 9791915 1 0 OCLC 231585284 Institute of Medicine National Academy of Sciences 1996 Thaul William Page William F Crawford Harriet ed The Five Series Study Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test Study pursuant to 1983 Public Law 98 160 Washington DC National Academy Press ISBN 978 0 585 14895 3 OCLC 43477109 diakses tanggal May 16 2009 Life Editors 1947 What Science Learned at Bikini Life New York Vol 23 No 16 August 11 1947 hlm 74 85 ISSN 0024 3019 Pemeliharaan CS1 Teks tambahan authors list link Navy History and Heritage Command 2002 Operation Crossroads Fact Sheet Washington DC diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 24 2012 diakses tanggal January 1 2008 Newson Henry W 1945 Memorandum to Norris Bradbury December 17 1945 Possible Difficulties in Naval Tests Los Alamos New Mexico Los Alamos National Laboratory DOE CIC 120851 Oertling Thomas James 1996 Ships Bilge Pumps a History of their Development 1500 1900 Vancouver BC Texas A amp M University Press ISBN 978 0 89096 722 5 Peterson Howard C 1946 Memorandum to General J Lawton Collins February 12 1946 Washington DC Records of the Office of the Secretary of War RG 107 Atomic Energy Folder National Archives Shurcliff William A 1946 Operation Crossroads The Official Pictorial Record New York William H Wise and Co OCLC 1223420 diakses tanggal December 14 2009 Shurcliff William A 1947 Bombs at Bikini The Official Report of Operation Crossroads New York William H Wise and Co OCLC 1492066 diakses tanggal December 14 2009 Strauss Lewis 1962 Men and Decisions Garden City New York Doubleday OCLC 456825 Szilard Leo 1978 Weart Spencer R Szilard Gertrude Weiss ed Leo Szilard his Version of the Facts Selected Recollections and Correspondence Cambridge Massachusetts MIT Press Bibcode 1979lshv book W ISBN 978 0 262 69070 6 Warren Stafford L 1947 Conclusions Tests Proved Irresistible Spread of Radioactivity Life New York Vol 23 No 16 August 11 1947 hlm 86 88 Waters Odale D Jr 1986 Crossroads A Tin Can Perspective Proceedings of the U S Naval Institute Annapolis Maryland Vol 112 No 7 July 1986 hlm 72 74 ISSN 0041 798X Weisgall Jonathan 1994 Operation Crossroads The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 978 1 55750 919 2 Pranala luar sunting nbsp Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Operasi Crossroads Operations Crossroads 1949 tersedia untuk unduhan gratis di Internet Archive Atom Test Nears 1946 06 13 1946 tersedia untuk unduhan gratis di Internet Archive Operations Crossroads Underway 1946 07 01 1946 tersedia untuk unduhan gratis di Internet Archive First Pictures Atomic Blast 1946 07 08 1946 tersedia untuk unduhan gratis di Internet Archive Nuclear Test Film Project Crossroads tersedia untuk unduhan gratis di Internet Archive 42m32s Atom Bomb Joe Bonica s Movie of the Month ca 1955 tersedia untuk unduhan gratis di Internet Archive nbsp Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Operation Crossroads Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Operasi Crossroads amp oldid 22685570