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Menara benteng

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Menara benteng (disambiguasi).

Keep (dari bahasa Inggris Pertengahan kype) adalah sebuah jenis menara berbenteng yang dibangun dalam istana-istana pada Abad Pertengahan oleh kaum bangsawan Eropa. Para sarjana memperdebatkan lingkup kata keep, namun biasanya dianggap merujuk kepada menara-menara besar di istana-istana yang menjadi kediaman berbenteng, yang dipakai sebagai tempat pengungsian dari kediaman terakhir saat sisa-sisa istana jatuh dalam sebuah pergerakan. Keep-keep pertama dibuat dari kayu dan membentuk bagian penting dari istana berbenteng yang berdiri di Normandy dan Anjou pada abad ke-10; rancangannya tersebar ke Inggris akibat invasi Norman pada 1066, dan menyebar sampai Wales pada paruh kedua abad ke-11 dan ke Irlandia pada 1170an. Para penguasa Inggris-Norman dan Prancis mulai membangun keep-keep batu pada abad ke-10 dan ke-11; itu meliputi keep-keep Norma, dengan rancangan persegi atau persegi panjang, dan keep kerang melingkar. Keep-keep batu dianggap membawa pengaruh militer serta politik dan dapat dibangun selama satu dekade.

Sebuah rekonstruksi Istana York pada abad ke-14, menampilkan keep batu istana (atas) menghadap benteng istana (bawah)

Catatan Sunting

Referensi Sunting

Daftar pustaka Sunting

  • Anderson, William. (1980) Castles of Europe: From Charlemagne to the Renaissance. London: Ferndale. ISBN 0-905746-20-1.
  • Armitage, Ella S. (1912) The Early Norman Castles of the British isles. London: J. Murray. OCLC 458514584.
  • Baldwin, John W. (1991) The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages. Berkeley, US: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07391-3.
  • Brindle, Steven and Brian Kerr. (1997) Windsor Revealed: New Light on the History of the Castle. London: English Heritage. ISBN 978-1-85074-688-1.
  • Brown, R. Allen. (1962) English Castles. London: Batsford. OCLC 1392314.
  • Burton, Peter. (2008) "Islamic Castles in Iberia," Castle Studies Group Journal 21, pp. 228–244.
  • Butler, Lawrence. (1997) Clifford's Tower and the Castles of York. London: English Heritage. ISBN 1-85074-673-7.
  • Châtelain, André. (1983) Châteaux Forts et Féodalité en Ile de France, du XIème au XIIIème siècle. Nonette: Créer. ISBN 978-2-902894-16-1. (Prancis)
  • Corp, Edward. (2009) "The Jacobite Court at Saint-Germain-en-Laye: Etiquette and the Use of the Royal Apartments," in
  • Creighton, Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham. (2003) Medieval Castles. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications. ISBN 978-0-7478-0546-5.
  • Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. (2005) Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community, and Fortification in Medieval England. London: Equinox. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8.
  • Cruickshanks, Eveline. (ed) (2009) The Stuart Courts. Stroud, UK: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5206-7.
  • DeVries, Kelly. (2003) Medieval Military Technology. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-921149-74-3.
  • Dixon, Philip. (2002) "The Myth of the Keep," in Meirion-Jones, Impey and Jones (ed) (2002).
  • Durand, Philippe. (1999) Le Château-fort. Paris: Gisserot. ISBN 978-2-87747-435-1. (Prancis)
  • Emery, Anthony. (2006) Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Southern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58132-5.
  • Gomme, Andor and Alison Maguire. (2008) Design and Plan in the Country House: From Castle Donjons to Palladian Boxes. Yale: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12645-7.
  • Gondoin, Stéphane W. (2005) Châteaux-Forts: Assiéger et Fortifier au Moyen Âge. Paris: Cheminements. ISBN 978-2-84478-395-0. (Prancis)
  • Hanser, David A. (2006) Architecture of France. Westport, US: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31902-0.
  • Heslop, T. A. (2003) "Orford Castle: Nostalgia and Sophisticated Living," in Liddiard (ed) 2003.
  • Higham, Robert and Philip Barker. (1992) Timber Castles. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-85989-754-9.
  • Hull, Lise E. (2006) Britain's Medieval Castles. Westport: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-98414-4.
  • Hulme, Richard. (2008) "Twelfth Century Great Towers – The Case for the Defence," The Castle Studies Group Journal 21, pp. 209–229.
  • Jones, Nigel R. (2005) Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales. Westport, US: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978-0-313-31850-4.
  • Kaufmann, J. E. and H. W. Kaufmann. (2004) The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts, and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages. Cambridge, US: Da Capo. ISBN 978-0-306-81358-0.
  • Kenyon, J. and M. W. Thompson. (1995) "A Note on the Word 'keep'," Medieval Archaeology 38, pp. 175–6.
  • Kenyon, John R. (2005) Medieval Fortifications. London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-7886-3.
  • King, D. J. Cathcart. (1991) The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00350-4.
  • Liddiard, Robert. (ed) (2003) Anglo-Norman Castles. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-904-1.
  • Liddiard, Robert. (2005) Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism, and Landscape, 1066 to 1500. Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2.
  • McNeill, Tom. (2000) Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22853-4.
  • Meirion-Jones, Gwyn, Edward Impey and Michael Jones. (eds) (2002) The Seigneurial Residence in Western Europe AD c800-1600. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-84171-466-0.
  • Nicholson, Helen J. (2004) Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe, 300–1500. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-76330-8.
  • Pettifer, Adrian. (2000a) Welsh Castles: a Guide by Counties. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-778-8.
  • Pettifer, Adrian. (2000b) English Castles: a Guide by Counties. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-782-5.
  • Pounds, Norman John Greville. (1994) The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a Social and Political History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3.
  • Purton, Peter. (2010) A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-449-6.
  • Rowan, A. J. (1952) The Castle Style in British Domestic Architecture in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis.
  • Schulz, Juergen. (2004) The New Palaces of Medieval Venice. University Park, US: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-02351-9.
  • Stubbs, John H. and Emily G. Makaš. (2011) Architectural Conservation in Europe and the Americas. Hoboken, US: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-60385-7.
  • Tabraham, Chris J. (2005) Scotland's Castles. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-8943-9.
  • Taylor, Robert R. (1998) The Castles of the Rhine: Recreating the Middle Ages in Modern Germany. Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-0-88920-268-9.
  • Thompson, M. W. (1994) The Decline of the Castle. Leicester, UK: Harveys Books. ISBN 1-85422-608-8.
  • Thompson, M. W. (2008) The Rise of the Castle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08853-4.
  • Toy, Sidney. (1933) "The Round Castles of Cornwall," Archaeologia 83, pp. 204–7.
  • Toy, Sidney. (1985) Castles: Their Construction and History. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-24898-1.
  • Turner, Rick. (2006) Chepstow Castle. Cardiff, UK: Cadw. ISBN 978-1-85760-229-6.
  • Tuulse, Armin. (1958) Castles of the Western World. Newton Abbot, UK: David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-486-42332-6.
  • Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emmanuel. (1854) Dictionnaire Raisonné de L'architecture Française du XIe au XVIe Siècle. Paris: Bance. OCLC 7056424. (Prancis)
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Artikel atau sebagian dari artikel ini mungkin diterjemahkan dari Keep di en wikipedia org Isinya masih belum akurat karena bagian yang diterjemahkan masih perlu diperhalus dan disempurnakan Jika Anda menguasai bahasa aslinya harap pertimbangkan untuk menelusuri referensinya dan menyempurnakan terjemahan ini Anda juga dapat ikut bergotong royong pada ProyekWiki Perbaikan Terjemahan Pesan ini dapat dihapus jika terjemahan dirasa sudah cukup tepat Lihat pula panduan penerjemahan artikel Untuk kegunaan lain lihat Menara benteng disambiguasi Keep dari bahasa Inggris Pertengahan kype adalah sebuah jenis menara berbenteng yang dibangun dalam istana istana pada Abad Pertengahan oleh kaum bangsawan Eropa Para sarjana memperdebatkan lingkup kata keep namun biasanya dianggap merujuk kepada menara menara besar di istana istana yang menjadi kediaman berbenteng yang dipakai sebagai tempat pengungsian dari kediaman terakhir saat sisa sisa istana jatuh dalam sebuah pergerakan Keep keep pertama dibuat dari kayu dan membentuk bagian penting dari istana berbenteng yang berdiri di Normandy dan Anjou pada abad ke 10 rancangannya tersebar ke Inggris akibat invasi Norman pada 1066 dan menyebar sampai Wales pada paruh kedua abad ke 11 dan ke Irlandia pada 1170an Para penguasa Inggris Norman dan Prancis mulai membangun keep keep batu pada abad ke 10 dan ke 11 itu meliputi keep keep Norma dengan rancangan persegi atau persegi panjang dan keep kerang melingkar Keep keep batu dianggap membawa pengaruh militer serta politik dan dapat dibangun selama satu dekade Sebuah rekonstruksi Istana York pada abad ke 14 menampilkan keep batu istana atas menghadap benteng istana bawah Catatan SuntingReferensi SuntingDaftar pustaka SuntingAnderson William 1980 Castles of Europe From Charlemagne to the Renaissance London Ferndale ISBN 0 905746 20 1 Armitage Ella S 1912 The Early Norman Castles of the British isles London J Murray OCLC 458514584 Baldwin John W 1991 The Government of Philip Augustus Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages Berkeley US University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 07391 3 Brindle Steven and Brian Kerr 1997 Windsor Revealed New Light on the History of the Castle London English Heritage ISBN 978 1 85074 688 1 Brown R Allen 1962 English Castles London Batsford OCLC 1392314 Burton Peter 2008 Islamic Castles in Iberia Castle Studies Group Journal 21 pp 228 244 Butler Lawrence 1997 Clifford s Tower and the Castles of York London English Heritage ISBN 1 85074 673 7 Chatelain Andre 1983 Chateaux Forts et Feodalite en Ile de France du XIeme au XIIIeme siecle Nonette Creer ISBN 978 2 902894 16 1 Prancis Corp Edward 2009 The Jacobite Court at Saint Germain en Laye Etiquette and the Use of the Royal Apartments in Creighton Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham 2003 Medieval Castles Princes Risborough UK Shire Publications ISBN 978 0 7478 0546 5 Creighton Oliver Hamilton 2005 Castles and Landscapes Power Community and Fortification in Medieval England London Equinox ISBN 978 1 904768 67 8 Cruickshanks Eveline ed 2009 The Stuart Courts Stroud UK The History Press ISBN 978 0 7524 5206 7 DeVries Kelly 2003 Medieval Military Technology Toronto Canada University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 921149 74 3 Dixon Philip 2002 The Myth of the Keep in Meirion Jones Impey and Jones ed 2002 Durand Philippe 1999 Le Chateau fort Paris Gisserot ISBN 978 2 87747 435 1 Prancis Emery Anthony 2006 Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales 1300 1500 Southern England Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 58132 5 Gomme Andor and Alison Maguire 2008 Design and Plan in the Country House From Castle Donjons to Palladian Boxes Yale Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 12645 7 Gondoin Stephane W 2005 Chateaux Forts Assieger et Fortifier au Moyen Age Paris Cheminements ISBN 978 2 84478 395 0 Prancis Hanser David A 2006 Architecture of France Westport US Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 31902 0 Heslop T A 2003 Orford Castle Nostalgia and Sophisticated Living in Liddiard ed 2003 Higham Robert and Philip Barker 1992 Timber Castles London Batsford ISBN 978 0 85989 754 9 Hull Lise E 2006 Britain s Medieval Castles Westport Praeger ISBN 978 0 275 98414 4 Hulme Richard 2008 Twelfth Century Great Towers The Case for the Defence The Castle Studies Group Journal 21 pp 209 229 Jones Nigel R 2005 Architecture of England Scotland and Wales Westport US Greenwood Publishing ISBN 978 0 313 31850 4 Kaufmann J E and H W Kaufmann 2004 The Medieval Fortress Castles Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages Cambridge US Da Capo ISBN 978 0 306 81358 0 Kenyon J and M W Thompson 1995 A Note on the Word keep Medieval Archaeology 38 pp 175 6 Kenyon John R 2005 Medieval Fortifications London Continuum ISBN 978 0 8264 7886 3 King D J Cathcart 1991 The Castle in England and Wales An Interpretative History London Routledge ISBN 0 415 00350 4 Liddiard Robert ed 2003 Anglo Norman Castles Woodbridge UK Boydell Press ISBN 978 0 85115 904 1 Liddiard Robert 2005 Castles in Context Power Symbolism and Landscape 1066 to 1500 Macclesfield UK Windgather Press ISBN 0 9545575 2 2 McNeill Tom 2000 Castles in Ireland Feudal Power in a Gaelic World London Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 22853 4 Meirion Jones Gwyn Edward Impey and Michael Jones eds 2002 The Seigneurial Residence in Western Europe AD c800 1600 Oxford Archaeopress ISBN 978 1 84171 466 0 Nicholson Helen J 2004 Medieval Warfare Theory and Practice of War in Europe 300 1500 Basingstoke UK Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 333 76330 8 Pettifer Adrian 2000a Welsh Castles a Guide by Counties Woodbridge UK Boydell Press ISBN 978 0 85115 778 8 Pettifer Adrian 2000b English Castles a Guide by Counties Woodbridge UK Boydell Press ISBN 978 0 85115 782 5 Pounds Norman John Greville 1994 The Medieval Castle in England and Wales a Social and Political History Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 45828 3 Purton Peter 2010 A History of the Late Medieval Siege 1200 1500 Woodbridge UK Boydell Press ISBN 978 1 84383 449 6 Rowan A J 1952 The Castle Style in British Domestic Architecture in the 18th and 19th Centuries Cambridge Cambridge University Unpublished Ph D thesis Schulz Juergen 2004 The New Palaces of Medieval Venice University Park US Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 978 0 271 02351 9 Stubbs John H and Emily G Makas 2011 Architectural Conservation in Europe and the Americas Hoboken US John Wiley ISBN 978 0 470 60385 7 Tabraham Chris J 2005 Scotland s Castles London Batsford ISBN 978 0 7134 8943 9 Taylor Robert R 1998 The Castles of the Rhine Recreating the Middle Ages in Modern Germany Ontario Canada Wilfrid Laurier University Press ISBN 978 0 88920 268 9 Thompson M W 1994 The Decline of the Castle Leicester UK Harveys Books ISBN 1 85422 608 8 Thompson M W 2008 The Rise of the Castle Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 08853 4 Toy Sidney 1933 The Round Castles of Cornwall Archaeologia 83 pp 204 7 Toy Sidney 1985 Castles Their Construction and History New York Dover Publications ISBN 978 0 486 24898 1 Turner Rick 2006 Chepstow Castle Cardiff UK Cadw ISBN 978 1 85760 229 6 Tuulse Armin 1958 Castles of the Western World Newton Abbot UK David and Charles ISBN 978 0 486 42332 6 Viollet le Duc Eugene Emmanuel 1854 Dictionnaire Raisonne de L architecture Francaise du XIe au XVIe Siecle Paris Bance OCLC 7056424 Prancis Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Menara benteng amp oldid 14778707