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Masyarakat dan kebudayaan Dinasti Han Dinasti Han 206 SM 220 M adalah dinasti kekaisaran kedua di Tiongkok Pada masa ini

Masyarakat dan kebudayaan Dinasti Han

Dinasti Han (206 SM – 220 M) adalah dinasti kekaisaran kedua di Tiongkok. Pada masa ini, Tiongkok berhasil mencapai kemajuan ekonomi, teknologi, budaya, dan sosial. Masyarakatnya diperintah oleh kaisar yang berbagi kekuasaan dengan para pejabat/ahli dan bangsawan-bangsawan semi-feudal. Hukum, adat, sastra, dan pendidikan Dinasti Han dipandu oleh sistem filsafat dan etika Kong Hu Cu, walaupun pengaruh legalisme dan Taoisme masih dapat dirasakan. Anggota golongan elit terpelajar yang berangan-angan menjadi pejabat harus mendapatkan pendidikan Kong Hu Cu terlebih dahulu.

Arca keramik dari masa Han Timur (25–220 m), dipamerkan di Museum Provinsi Sichuan, Chengdu, Tiongkok

Walaupun status sosial bangsawan, pejabat, petani, dan pengrajin dianggap lebih tinggi daripada para pedagang yang terdaftar oleh pemerintah, niagawan-niagawan sukses dapat menumpuk kekayaan yang membuat mereka dapat menyaingi martabat para bangsawan dan pejabat tertinggi. Sementara itu, budak dianggap sebagai golongan yang paling rendah, tetapi jumlah mereka hanya sedikit.

Rumah tangga di Dinasti Han biasanya terdiri dari keluarga inti dengan empat hingga lima anggota keluarga, tidak seperti pada masa dinasti-dinasti berikutnya ketika rumah tangga dihuni oleh beberapa generasi sekaligus dan anggota keluarga besar. Keluarga di Han bersifat patrilineal. Perjodohan merupakan hal yang lumrah, dan istri yang baru menikah akan bergabung dengan klan suaminya. Masyarakat Han lebih menghargai anak lelaki daripada perempuan karena dianggap penting untuk meneruskan praktik pemujaan leluhur.

Bacaan lanjut sunting

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Dinasti Han 206 SM 220 M adalah dinasti kekaisaran kedua di Tiongkok Pada masa ini Tiongkok berhasil mencapai kemajuan ekonomi teknologi budaya dan sosial Masyarakatnya diperintah oleh kaisar yang berbagi kekuasaan dengan para pejabat ahli dan bangsawan bangsawan semi feudal Hukum adat sastra dan pendidikan Dinasti Han dipandu oleh sistem filsafat dan etika Kong Hu Cu walaupun pengaruh legalisme dan Taoisme masih dapat dirasakan Anggota golongan elit terpelajar yang berangan angan menjadi pejabat harus mendapatkan pendidikan Kong Hu Cu terlebih dahulu Arca keramik dari masa Han Timur 25 220 m dipamerkan di Museum Provinsi Sichuan Chengdu Tiongkok Walaupun status sosial bangsawan pejabat petani dan pengrajin dianggap lebih tinggi daripada para pedagang yang terdaftar oleh pemerintah niagawan niagawan sukses dapat menumpuk kekayaan yang membuat mereka dapat menyaingi martabat para bangsawan dan pejabat tertinggi Sementara itu budak dianggap sebagai golongan yang paling rendah tetapi jumlah mereka hanya sedikit Rumah tangga di Dinasti Han biasanya terdiri dari keluarga inti dengan empat hingga lima anggota keluarga tidak seperti pada masa dinasti dinasti berikutnya ketika rumah tangga dihuni oleh beberapa generasi sekaligus dan anggota keluarga besar Keluarga di Han bersifat patrilineal Perjodohan merupakan hal yang lumrah dan istri yang baru menikah akan bergabung dengan klan suaminya Masyarakat Han lebih menghargai anak lelaki daripada perempuan karena dianggap penting untuk meneruskan praktik pemujaan leluhur Bacaan lanjut suntingAdshead S A M 2004 T ang China The Rise of the East in World History New York Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 1 4039 3456 8 hardback Akira Hirakawa 1998 A History of Indian Buddhism From Sakyamani to Early Mahayana Translated by Paul Groner New Delhi Jainendra Prakash Jain At Shri Jainendra Press ISBN 81 208 0955 6 Barbieri Low Anthony J 2007 Artisans in Early Imperial China Seattle amp London University of Washington Press ISBN 0 295 98713 8 Beck Mansvelt 1986 The Fall of Han in The Cambridge History of China Volume I the Ch in and Han Empires 221 B C A D 220 317 376 Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 24327 0 Beningson Susan L 2005 Tomb wall tile stamped with designs of an archer trees horses and beasts in Recarving China s Past Art Archaeology and Architecture of the Wu Family Shrines 258 260 Edited by Naomi Noble Richard New Haven and London Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum ISBN 0 300 10797 8 Bielenstein Hans 1980 The Bureaucracy of Han Times Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 22510 8 Bower Virginia 2005 Standing man and woman in Recarving China s Past Art Archaeology and Architecture of the Wu Family Shrines 242 245 Edited by Naomi Noble Richard New Haven and London Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum ISBN 0 300 10797 8 Bower Virginia 2005 Sleeve dancer in Recarving China s Past Art Archaeology and Architecture of the Wu Family Shrines 248 251 Edited by Naomi Noble Richard New Haven and London Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum ISBN 0 300 10797 8 Chang Chun shu 2007 The Rise of the Chinese Empire Volume II Frontier Immigration amp Empire in Han China 130 B C A D 157 Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 11534 0 Ch en Ch i Yun 1986 Confucian Legalist and Taoist Thought in Later Han in Cambridge History of China Volume I the Ch in and Han Empires 221 B C A D 220 766 806 Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 24327 0 Ch u T ung tsu 1972 Han Dynasty China Volume 1 Han Social Structure Edited by Jack L Dull Seattle and London University of Washington Press ISBN 0 295 95068 4 Csikszentmihalyi Mark 2006 Readings in Han Chinese Thought Indianapolis and Cambridge Hackett Publishing Company Inc ISBN 0 87220 710 2 Cutter Robert Joe 1989 The Brush and the Spur Chinese Culture and the Cockfight Hong Kong The Chinese University of Hong Kong ISBN 962 201 417 8 de Crespigny Rafe de 2007 A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23 220 AD Leiden Koninklijke Brill ISBN 90 04 15605 4 Demieville Paul 1986 Philosophy and religion from Han to Sui in Cambridge History of China Volume I the Ch in and Han Empires 221 B C A D 220 808 872 Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 24327 0 Ebrey Patricia Estate and Family Management in the Later Han as Seen in the Monthly Instructions for the Four Classes of People Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Vol 17 No 2 May 1974 pp 173 205 Ebrey Patricia 1986 The Economic and Social History of Later Han in Cambridge History of China Volume I the Ch in and Han Empires 221 B C A D 220 608 648 Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 24327 0 Ebrey Patricia 1999 The Cambridge Illustrated History of China Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 66991 X Hansen Valerie 2000 The Open Empire A History of China to 1600 New York amp London W W Norton amp Company ISBN 0 393 97374 3 Hardy Grant 1999 Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo Sima Qian s Conquest of History New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 11304 8 Hardy Grant and Anne Behnke Kinney 2005 The Establishment of the Han Empire and Imperial China Westport Greenwood Press of Greenwood Publishing Group Inc ISBN 0 313 32588 X Hendrischke Barbara 2000 Early Daoist Movements in Daoism Handbook ed Livia Kohn 134 164 Leiden Brill ISBN 90 04 11208 1 Hinsch Bret 2002 Women in Imperial China Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers Inc ISBN 0 7425 1872 8 Hsu Cho Yun The Changing Relationship between Local Society and the Central Political Power in Former Han 206 B C 8 A D Comparative Studies in Society and History Vol 7 No 4 Jul 1965 pp 358 370 Huang Ray 1988 China A Macro History Armonk amp London M E Sharpe Inc an East Gate Book ISBN 0 87332 452 8 Hucker Charles O 1975 China s Imperial Past An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture Stanford Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 0887 8 Hulsewe A F P 1986 Ch in and Han law in The Cambridge History of China Volume I the Ch in and Han Empires 221 B C A D 220 520 544 Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 24327 0 Kern Martin Western Han Aesthetics and the Genesis of the Fu Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol 63 No 2 Dec 2003 pp 383 437 Kramers Robert P 1986 The Development of the Confucian Schools in Cambridge History of China Volume I the Ch in and Han Empires 221 B C A D 220 747 756 Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 24327 0 Lewis Mark Edward 1999 Writing and Authority in Early China Albany State University of New York Press Lewis Mark Edward 2007 The Early Chinese Empires Qin and Han Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 02477 X Liu Cary Y 2005 The Concept of Brilliant Artifacts in the Han Dynasty Burial Objects and Funerary Architecture Embodying the Harmony of the Sun and the Moon in Recarving China s Past Art Archaeology and Architecture of the Wu Family Shrines 204 221 Edited by Naomi Noble Richard New Haven and London Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum ISBN 0 300 10797 8 Liu Wu chi 1990 An Introduction to Chinese Literature Westport Greenwood Press of Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0 313 26703 0 Loewe Michael 1968 Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC AD 220 London B T Batsford Ltd New York G P Putnam s Sons ISBN 0 87220 758 7 Loewe Michael 1986 The Former Han Dynasty in The Cambridge History of China Volume I the Ch in and Han Empires 221 B C A D 220 103 222 Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 24327 0 Loewe Michael 1994 Divination Mythology and Monarchy in Han China Cambridge New York and Melbourne Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 45466 2 Loewe Michael Review Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo Sima Qian s Conquest of History T oung Pao Vol 87 1 3 2001 pp 221 30 Loewe Michael 2005 Funerary Practice in Han Times in Recarving China s Past Art Archaeology and Architecture of the Wu Family Shrines 23 74 Edited by Naomi Noble Richard New Haven and London Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum ISBN 0 300 10797 8 Mair Victor H 2001 The Columbia History of Chinese Literature New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 10984 9 Needham Joseph 1986 Science and Civilization in China Volume 4 Physics and Physical Technology Part 2 Mechanical Engineering Taipei Caves Books Ltd ISBN 0 521 05803 1 Neinhauser William H Charles Hartman Y W Ma and Stephen H West 1986 The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature Volume 1 Bloomington Indiana University Press ISBN 0 253 32983 3 Nishijima Sadao 1986 The Economic and Social History of Former Han in Cambridge History of China Volume I the Ch in and Han Empires 221 B C A D 220 545 607 Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 24327 0 Norman Jerry 1988 Chinese Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 29653 6 Ruitenbeek Klaas 2005 Triangular hollow tomb tile with dragon design in Recarving China s Past Art Archaeology and Architecture of the Wu Family Shrines 252 254 Edited by Naomi Noble Richard New Haven and London Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum ISBN 0 300 10797 8 Schaberg David Review Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo Sima Qian s Conquest of History Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol 61 No 1 Jun 2001 pp 249 259 Steinhardt Nancy N 2005 Tower model in Recarving China s Past Art Archaeology and Architecture of the Wu Family Shrines 283 285 Edited by Naomi Noble Richard New Haven and London Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum ISBN 0 300 10797 8 Sun Xiaochun and Jacob Kistemaker 1997 The Chinese Sky During the Han Constellating Stars and Society Leiden New York Koln Koninklijke Brill ISBN 90 04 10737 1 Wagner Donald B 2001 The State and the Iron Industry in Han China Copenhagen Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing ISBN 87 87062 83 6 Wang Yu ch uan An Outline of The Central Government of The Former Han Dynasty Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol 12 No 1 2 Jun 1949 pp 134 187 Wang Zhongshu 1982 Han Civilization Translated by K C Chang and Collaborators New Haven and London Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 02723 0 Wilkinson Endymion 1998 Chinese History A Manual Cambridge and London Harvard University Asia Center of the Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 12377 8 Xue Shiqi 2003 Chinese lexicography past and present in Lexicography Critical Concepts 158 173 Edited by R R K Hartmann London and New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 25365 9 Yong Heming and Jing Peng 2008 Chinese Lexicography A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911 Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 953982 6 Zhang Guanuda 2002 The Role of the Sogdians as Translators of Buddhist Texts in Silk Road Studies VII Nomads Traders and Holy Men Along China s Silk Road 75 78 Edited by Annette L Juliano and Judith A Lerner Turnhout Brepols Publishers ISBN 2 503 52178 9 nbsp Artikel bertopik sejarah ini adalah sebuah rintisan Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya lbs Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Masyarakat dan kebudayaan Dinasti Han amp oldid 16178121