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Kulturkampf adalah penindasan umat Katolik di Jerman pada akhir abad ke 19 1 Gerakan ini dilakukan oleh Otto von Bismarc

Kulturkampf

Kulturkampf adalah penindasan umat Katolik di Jerman pada akhir abad ke-19. Gerakan ini dilakukan oleh Otto von Bismarck yang takut pada pengaruh gereja Katolik Roma yang akan memecah belah kesatuan Kekaisaran Jerman. Para Yesuit diusir keluar Jerman dan sekolah-sekolah gereja dinegerikan. Ada beberapa uskup dan kardinal yang dipenjarakan, Gereja Katolik Roma kehilangan semua bantuan finansial dari pemerintah dan semua anggota serikat diusir dari Jerman. Tetapi ketika Bismarck ingin mengalahkan Partai Sosial Demokrasi ia justru meminta bantuan dari Gereja Katolik Roma, dan hal ini menyebabkan adanya perdamaian dengan Paus Leo XIII. Pada tahun 1887, peraturan yang melawan Gereja Katolik Roma dihapuskan, tetapi serikat Yesuit tetap diusir.

Antara Berlin dan Roma, Kladderadatsch, 1875

Referensi Sunting

  1. Adolf Heuken. 2006. Ensiklopedi Gereja:Tr-Z. Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka. Hlm 81.
  2. ^ F.D.Wellem. 2006. Kamus Sejarah Gereja. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. Hlm 252-253.

Bacaan lebih lanjut Sunting

  • Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. Windthorst: A Political Biography (1981), the leader of the Catholic Center Party
  • Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. Practicing democracy: Elections and political culture in Imperial Germany (Princeton University Press, 2000)
  • Atkin, Nicholas, and Frank Tallett. Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750 (Oxford UP, 2003).
  • Bennette, Rebecca Ayako. Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification (Harvard University Press; 2012) 368 pages; examines Catholics' promotion of an alternative national identity after 1871.
  • Blackbourn, David. Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Oxford, 1993)
  • Clark, Christopher and Wolfram Kaiser, eds. Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth Century Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2003); Covers 10 countries; online review
  • Gross, Michael B. The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany (2005)
  • Hollyday, FBM (1970), Bismarck, Great Lives Observed, Prentice-Hall .
  • Hope, Nicholas, "Prussian Protestantism," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 (2001) pp. 188–208
  • Lamberti, Marjorie. "Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia, 1866–1914," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 (2001) pp. 169–187
  • Ross, Ronald J. The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887, (Washington, D.C., 1998)
  • Ross, Ronald J. "Enforcing the Kulturkampf in the Bismarckian state and the limits of coercion in imperial Germany." Journal of Modern History (1984): 456-482. in JSTOR
  • Ross, Ronald J. "The Kulturkampf: Restrictions and Controls on the Practice of Religion in Bismarck’s Germany." in Richard Helmstadter, ed. Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century (1997) pp: 172-195.
  • Trzeciakowski, Lech. The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland (East European Monographs, 1990) 223 pp
  • Weir, Todd. Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Germany: The Rise of the Fourth Confession, Cambridge University Press, 2014, ISBN 1139867903, 9781139867900
  • Zeender, John. "Ludwig Windthorst, 1812-1891" History (1992) 77#250 pp 237–54, the leader of the Catholic Center Party

Historiografi Sunting

  • Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "Confessions of a Fellow Traveler," Catholic Historical Review (2013) 99#4 pp 623–648.
  • Heilbronner, Oded. "From Ghetto to Ghetto: The Place of German Catholic Society in Recent Historiography" Journal of Modern History (2000) 72#2 pp. 453–495. in JSTOR

Pranala luar Sunting

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Kulturkampf adalah penindasan umat Katolik di Jerman pada akhir abad ke 19 1 Gerakan ini dilakukan oleh Otto von Bismarck yang takut pada pengaruh gereja Katolik Roma yang akan memecah belah kesatuan Kekaisaran Jerman 2 Para Yesuit diusir keluar Jerman dan sekolah sekolah gereja dinegerikan 2 Ada beberapa uskup dan kardinal yang dipenjarakan Gereja Katolik Roma kehilangan semua bantuan finansial dari pemerintah dan semua anggota serikat diusir dari Jerman 2 Tetapi ketika Bismarck ingin mengalahkan Partai Sosial Demokrasi ia justru meminta bantuan dari Gereja Katolik Roma dan hal ini menyebabkan adanya perdamaian dengan Paus Leo XIII 2 Pada tahun 1887 peraturan yang melawan Gereja Katolik Roma dihapuskan tetapi serikat Yesuit tetap diusir 2 Antara Berlin dan Roma Kladderadatsch 1875 Daftar isi 1 Referensi 2 Bacaan lebih lanjut 2 1 Historiografi 3 Pranala luarReferensi Sunting Adolf Heuken 2006 Ensiklopedi Gereja Tr Z Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka Hlm 81 a b c d e F D Wellem 2006 Kamus Sejarah Gereja Jakarta BPK Gunung Mulia Hlm 252 253 Bacaan lebih lanjut SuntingAnderson Margaret Lavinia Windthorst A Political Biography 1981 the leader of the Catholic Center Party Anderson Margaret Lavinia Practicing democracy Elections and political culture in Imperial Germany Princeton University Press 2000 Atkin Nicholas and Frank Tallett Priests Prelates and People A History of European Catholicism since 1750 Oxford UP 2003 Bennette Rebecca Ayako Fighting for the Soul of Germany The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification Harvard University Press 2012 368 pages examines Catholics promotion of an alternative national identity after 1871 Blackbourn David Marpingen Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth Century Germany Oxford 1993 Clark Christopher and Wolfram Kaiser eds Culture Wars Secular Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth Century Europe Cambridge University Press 2003 Covers 10 countries online review Gross Michael B The War against Catholicism Liberalism and the Anti Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth Century Germany 2005 Hollyday FBM 1970 Bismarck Great Lives Observed Prentice Hall Hope Nicholas Prussian Protestantism in Philip G Dwyer ed Modern Prussian History 1830 1947 2001 pp 188 208 Lamberti Marjorie Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia 1866 1914 in Philip G Dwyer ed Modern Prussian History 1830 1947 2001 pp 169 187 Ross Ronald J The failure of Bismarck s Kulturkampf Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany 1871 1887 Washington D C 1998 Ross Ronald J Enforcing the Kulturkampf in the Bismarckian state and the limits of coercion in imperial Germany Journal of Modern History 1984 456 482 in JSTOR Ross Ronald J The Kulturkampf Restrictions and Controls on the Practice of Religion in Bismarck s Germany in Richard Helmstadter ed Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century 1997 pp 172 195 Trzeciakowski Lech The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland East European Monographs 1990 223 pp Weir Todd Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth Century Germany The Rise of the Fourth Confession Cambridge University Press 2014 ISBN 1139867903 9781139867900 Zeender John Ludwig Windthorst 1812 1891 History 1992 77 250 pp 237 54 the leader of the Catholic Center Party Historiografi Sunting Anderson Margaret Lavinia Confessions of a Fellow Traveler Catholic Historical Review 2013 99 4 pp 623 648 Heilbronner Oded From Ghetto to Ghetto The Place of German Catholic Society in Recent Historiography Journal of Modern History 2000 72 2 pp 453 495 in JSTORPranala luar Sunting nbsp Kulturkampf Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 artikel mendetail oleh Martin Spahn ditulis pada tahun 1910 nbsp Kulturkampf New International Encyclopedia 1905 Bismarck s Failure the Kulturkampf deskripsi panjang Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League 1887 Statistics on Membership 1887 1913 English translation a German anti Catholic propaganda organization that became active after the Kulturkampf Bismarck s Domestic Polices 1871 1890 Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck s entire domestic policies by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin Kulturkampf Now and Then esai sepanjang 13 halaman dalam bentuk pdf oleh seorang Profesor Akademi Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament 1873 pidato Ludwig Windthorst setelah analisisnya Bismarck on the purpose of the Kulturkampf Pidato di House of Lords Prussian 10 Maret 1873 Kulturkampf Bibliography by LitDok East Central Europe Herder Institut Marburg Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Kulturkampf amp oldid 22869555