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Kepanikan 1893 adalah sebuah depresi ekonomi serius di Amerika Serikat yang dimulai pada 1893 dan berakhir pada 1897 1 P

Kepanikan 1893

Kepanikan 1893 adalah sebuah depresi ekonomi serius di Amerika Serikat yang dimulai pada 1893 dan berakhir pada 1897. Peristiwa tersebut sangat berdampak pada setiap sektor ekonomi, dan menghasilkan kebangkitan politik yang berujung pada pemilihan tahun 1896 dan kepresidenan William McKinley.

Gambaran para pemegang saham sedang runyam pada 5 Mei 1893, dari Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper

Perkiraan tingkat pengangguran per 100 orang pada 1890-an (Sumber: Romer, 1986) sunting

Tahun Lebergott Romer
1890 4.0 4.0
1891 5.4 4.8
1892 3.0 3.7
1893 11.7 8.1
1894 18.4 12.3
1895 13.7 11.1
1896 14.5 12.0
1897 14.5 12.4
1898 12.4 11.6
1899 6.5 8.7
1900 5.0 5.0

Referensi sunting

  1. Timberlake, Jr., Richard H. (1997). "Panic of 1893". Dalam Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F. Business Cycles and Depressions: an Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. hlm. 516–18. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4. 

Bacaan tambahan sunting

Sumber kontemporer sunting

  • American Annual Cyclopedia...1894 (1895) online
  • Baum, Lyman Frank and W. W. Denslow. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900); see Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
  • Brice, Lloyd Stephens, and James J. Wait. “The Railway Problem.” North American Review 164 (March 1897): 327–48. online at MOA Cornell.
  • Cleveland, Frederick A. "The Final Report of the Monetary Commission," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 13 (January 1899): 31–56 in JSTOR
  • Closson, Carlos C. Jr. "The Unemployed in American Cities." Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 8, no. 2 (January 1894) 168–217 in JSTOR); vol. 8, no. 4 (July 1894): 443–477 in JSTOR
  • Fisher, Willard. "‘Coin’ and His Critics." Quarterly Journal of Economics 10 (January 1896): 187–208 in JSTOR
  • Harvey, William H. Coin’s Financial School (1894), 1963 (Introduction by Richard Hofstadter). online first edition
  • Noyes, Alexander Dana. "The Banks and the Panic," Political Science Quarterly 9 (March 1894): 12–28 in JSTOR.
  • Shaw, Albert. "Relief for the Unemployed in American Cities," Review of Reviews 9 (January and February 1894): 29–37, 179–91.
  • Stevens, Albert Clark. "An Analysis of the Phenomena of the Panic in the United States in 1893," Quarterly Journal of Economics 8 (January 1894): 117–48 in JSTOR.

Sumber sekunder sunting

  • Barnes, James A. John G. Carlisle: Financial Statesman (1931).
  • Barnes, James A. (1947). "Myths of the Bryan Campaign". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 34, No. 3. 34 (3): 383–394. doi:10.2307/1898096. JSTOR 1898096. 
  • Bent, Peter H. (2015), "The Stabilising Effects of the Dingley Tariff and the Recovery from the 1890s Depression in the United States", Crises in Economic and Social History: A Comparative Perspective, hlm. 373-390. [1] 
  • Bent, Peter H. (2015). "The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Protectionism in Turn of the Century America". Economic Thought. 4 (2): 68–79. [2]. 
  • Destler, Chester McArthur. American Radicalism, 1865–1901 (1966).
  • Dewey, Davis Rich. Financial History of the United States (1903). online.
  • Dighe, Ranjit S. ed. The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory (2002).
  • Dorfman, Joseph Harry. The Economic Mind in American Civilization. (1949). vol 3.
  • Faulkner, Harold Underwood. Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890–1900. (1959).
  • Feder, Leah Hanna. Unemployment Relief in Periods of Depression ... 1857–1920 (1926).
  • Friedman, Milton, and Anna Jacobson Schwartz. A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963).
  • Harpine, William D. From the Front Porch to the Front Page: McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign (2006) excerpt and text search
  • Hoffmann, Charles (1956). "The Depression of the Nineties". Journal of Economic History. 16 (2): 137–164. JSTOR 2114113. 
  • Hoffmann, Charles. The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History (1970).
  • Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: 1888–1896 (1971).
  • Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1990).
  • Kirkland, Edward Chase. Industry Comes of Age, 1860–1897 (1961).
  • Lauck, William Jett. The Causes of the Panic of 1893 (1907). online
  • Lindsey, Almont. The Pullman Strike 1942.
  • Littlefield, Henry M. (1964). "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism". American Quarterly. American Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 1. 16 (1): 47–58. doi:10.2307/2710826. JSTOR 2710826. 
  • Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. 1932, Pulitzer Prize.
  • Rezneck, Samuel S. (1953). "Unemployment, Unrest, and Relief in the United States during the Depression of 1893–97". Journal of Political Economy. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 61, No. 4. 61 (4): 324–345. doi:10.1086/257393. JSTOR 1826883. 
  • Ritter, Gretchen. Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America (1997)
  • Ritter, Gretchen (1997). "Silver slippers and a golden cap: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics". Journal of American Studies. 31 (2): 171–203. doi:10.1017/S0021875897005628. 
  • Rockoff, Hugh (1990). "The 'Wizard of Oz' as a Monetary Allegory". Journal of Political Economy. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98, No. 4. 98 (4): 739–760. doi:10.1086/261704. JSTOR 2937766. 
  • Romer, Christina (1986). "Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data". Journal of Political Economy. 94 (1): 1–37. doi:10.1086/261361. 
  • Schwantes, Carlos A. Coxey’s Army: An American Odyssey (1985).
  • Shannon, Fred Albert. The Farmer’s Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860–1897 (1945).
  • Steeples, Douglas, and David O. Whitten. Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (1998).
  • Strouse, Jean. Morgan: American Financier (1999).
  • White; Gerald T. The United States and the Problem of Recovery after 1893 (1982).
  • Whitten, David. EH.NET article on the Depression of 1893
  • Wicker, Elmus. Banking panics of the gilded age (Cambridge University Press, 2006) contents 2014-03-23 di Wayback Machine.

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Tanggal penerbitan:
Kepanikan 1893 adalah sebuah depresi ekonomi serius di Amerika Serikat yang dimulai pada 1893 dan berakhir pada 1897 1 Peristiwa tersebut sangat berdampak pada setiap sektor ekonomi dan menghasilkan kebangkitan politik yang berujung pada pemilihan tahun 1896 dan kepresidenan William McKinley Gambaran para pemegang saham sedang runyam pada 5 Mei 1893 dari Frank Leslie s Illustrated Newspaper Daftar isi 1 Perkiraan tingkat pengangguran per 100 orang pada 1890 an Sumber Romer 1986 2 Referensi 3 Bacaan tambahan 3 1 Sumber kontemporer 3 2 Sumber sekunder 4 Pranala luarPerkiraan tingkat pengangguran per 100 orang pada 1890 an Sumber Romer 1986 suntingTahun Lebergott Romer1890 4 0 4 01891 5 4 4 81892 3 0 3 71893 11 7 8 11894 18 4 12 31895 13 7 11 11896 14 5 12 01897 14 5 12 41898 12 4 11 61899 6 5 8 71900 5 0 5 0Referensi sunting Timberlake Jr Richard H 1997 Panic of 1893 Dalam Glasner David Cooley Thomas F Business Cycles and Depressions an Encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing hlm 516 18 ISBN 0 8240 0944 4 Pemeliharaan CS1 Banyak nama authors list link Bacaan tambahan suntingSumber kontemporer sunting American Annual Cyclopedia 1894 1895 online Baum Lyman Frank and W W Denslow The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 1900 see Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Brice Lloyd Stephens and James J Wait The Railway Problem North American Review 164 March 1897 327 48 online at MOA Cornell Cleveland Frederick A The Final Report of the Monetary Commission Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 13 January 1899 31 56 in JSTOR Closson Carlos C Jr The Unemployed in American Cities Quarterly Journal of Economics vol 8 no 2 January 1894 168 217 in JSTOR vol 8 no 4 July 1894 443 477 in JSTOR Fisher Willard Coin and His Critics Quarterly Journal of Economics 10 January 1896 187 208 in JSTOR Harvey William H Coin s Financial School 1894 1963 Introduction by Richard Hofstadter online first edition Noyes Alexander Dana The Banks and the Panic Political Science Quarterly 9 March 1894 12 28 in JSTOR Shaw Albert Relief for the Unemployed in American Cities Review of Reviews 9 January and February 1894 29 37 179 91 Stevens Albert Clark An Analysis of the Phenomena of the Panic in the United States in 1893 Quarterly Journal of Economics 8 January 1894 117 48 in JSTOR Sumber sekunder sunting Barnes James A John G Carlisle Financial Statesman 1931 Barnes James A 1947 Myths of the Bryan Campaign Mississippi Valley Historical Review The Mississippi Valley Historical Review Vol 34 No 3 34 3 383 394 doi 10 2307 1898096 JSTOR 1898096 Bent Peter H 2015 The Stabilising Effects of the Dingley Tariff and the Recovery from the 1890s Depression in the United States Crises in Economic and Social History A Comparative Perspective hlm 373 390 1 Bent Peter H 2015 The Political Power of Economic Ideas Protectionism in Turn of the Century America Economic Thought 4 2 68 79 2 Destler Chester McArthur American Radicalism 1865 1901 1966 Dewey Davis Rich Financial History of the United States 1903 online Dighe Ranjit S ed The Historian s Wizard of Oz Reading L Frank Baum s Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory 2002 Dorfman Joseph Harry The Economic Mind in American Civilization 1949 vol 3 Faulkner Harold Underwood Politics Reform and Expansion 1890 1900 1959 Feder Leah Hanna Unemployment Relief in Periods of Depression 1857 1920 1926 Friedman Milton and Anna Jacobson Schwartz A Monetary History of the United States 1867 1960 1963 Harpine William D From the Front Porch to the Front Page McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign 2006 excerpt and text search Hoffmann Charles 1956 The Depression of the Nineties Journal of Economic History 16 2 137 164 JSTOR 2114113 Hoffmann Charles The Depression of the Nineties An Economic History 1970 Jensen Richard The Winning of the Midwest 1888 1896 1971 Josephson Matthew The Robber Barons New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1990 Kirkland Edward Chase Industry Comes of Age 1860 1897 1961 Lauck William Jett The Causes of the Panic of 1893 1907 online Lindsey Almont The Pullman Strike 1942 Littlefield Henry M 1964 The Wizard of Oz Parable on Populism American Quarterly American Quarterly Vol 16 No 1 16 1 47 58 doi 10 2307 2710826 JSTOR 2710826 Nevins Allan Grover Cleveland A Study in Courage 1932 Pulitzer Prize Rezneck Samuel S 1953 Unemployment Unrest and Relief in the United States during the Depression of 1893 97 Journal of Political Economy The Journal of Political Economy Vol 61 No 4 61 4 324 345 doi 10 1086 257393 JSTOR 1826883 Ritter Gretchen Goldbugs and Greenbacks The Anti Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America 1997 Ritter Gretchen 1997 Silver slippers and a golden cap L Frank Baum s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics Journal of American Studies 31 2 171 203 doi 10 1017 S0021875897005628 Rockoff Hugh 1990 The Wizard of Oz as a Monetary Allegory Journal of Political Economy The Journal of Political Economy Vol 98 No 4 98 4 739 760 doi 10 1086 261704 JSTOR 2937766 Romer Christina 1986 Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data Journal of Political Economy 94 1 1 37 doi 10 1086 261361 Schwantes Carlos A Coxey s Army An American Odyssey 1985 Shannon Fred Albert The Farmer s Last Frontier Agriculture 1860 1897 1945 Steeples Douglas and David O Whitten Democracy in Desperation The Depression of 1893 1998 Strouse Jean Morgan American Financier 1999 White Gerald T The United States and the Problem of Recovery after 1893 1982 Whitten David EH NET article on the Depression of 1893 Wicker Elmus Banking panics of the gilded age Cambridge University Press 2006 contents Diarsipkan 2014 03 23 di Wayback Machine Pranala luar suntingCauses of the Business Depression Diarsipkan 2010 12 14 di Wayback Machine by Henry George appeared in Once a Week a New York periodical March 6 1894 nbsp Artikel bertopik sejarah ini adalah sebuah rintisan Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya lbs Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Kepanikan 1893 amp oldid 23283072