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Kampanye Gurun Barat atau Perang Gurun Desert War terjadi di gurun Mesir dan Libya merupakan lokasi utama dalam kampanye

Kampanye Gurun Barat

Kampanye Gurun Barat atau Perang Gurun (Desert War) terjadi di gurun Mesir dan Libya, merupakan lokasi utama dalam kampanye Afrika Utara pada Perang Dunia Kedua.

Operasi militer diawali dengan pernyaaan perang Italia terhadap Sekutu pada 10 Juni 1940 untuk merebut Mesir dari Inggris, dimana saat itu ia memiliki lebih dari satu juta orang angkatan perang yang berbasis di Libya, serangan dilancarkan dari Libya menuju mesir pada 13 September 1940. Marshall Rodolfo Graziani bersama lima divisi Italia mulai bergerak cepat ke Mesir tetapi terhenti di depan pertahanan utama Inggris di Mersa Matruh. Meskipun kalah jumlah, Jenderal Archibald Wavell memerintahkan serangan balasan Inggris pada 9 Desember 1940. Italia menderita banyak korban dan terdesak mundur lebih dari 800 km (500 mil). Pasukan Inggris bergerak di sepanjang pantai dan pada 22 Januari 1941, dan berhasil merebut pelabuhan Tobruk di Libya dari Italia.

Benito Mussolini mencari bantuan dari Adolf Hitler dan akhirnya pada Januari 1941, Adolf Hitler mengirim Jenderal Erwin Rommel dan Deutsches Afrikakorps yang baru dibentuk ke Afrika Utara. Rommel melancarkan serangan pertamanya pada 24 Maret 1941, dan setelah seminggu pertempuran dia mendorong Archibald Wavell dan Tentara Inggris keluar dari sebagian besar Libya. Namun, di bawah Letnan Jenderal Leslie Morshead, Inggris berhasil mempertahankan basis pasokan penting di Tobruk.

Archibald Wavell mencoba melakukan serangan balik pada 17 Juni 1941, tetapi pasukannya dihentikan di Halfaya Pass. Tiga minggu kemudian dia digantikan oleh Jenderal Claude Auchinleck.

Catatan kaki Sunting

Daftar pustaka Sunting

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Bacaan tambahan Sunting

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Pranala luar Sunting

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Tanggal penerbitan:
Kampanye Gurun Barat atau Perang Gurun Desert War terjadi di gurun Mesir dan Libya merupakan lokasi utama dalam kampanye Afrika Utara pada Perang Dunia Kedua Kampanye Gurun BaratBagian dari Kampanye Afrika Utara pada Perang Dunia KeduaInfanteri Australia sedang menjelajahi El Alamein Oktober 1942Tanggal11 Juni 1940 4 Februari 1943 2 tahun 7 bulan 3 minggu dan 3 hari LokasiGurun Barat Mesir dan Libya 24 N 25 E 24 N 25 E 24 25 Koordinat 24 N 25 E 24 N 25 E 24 25HasilKemenangan sekutuPihak terlibat Kekaisaran Britania Britania Raya India Palestina Sudan Inggris Mesir Rhodesia Selatan Australia Selandia Baru Afrika selatan Prancis Merdeka Kekaisaran kolonial Prancis Polandia Merdeka Yunani Merdeka Cekoslowakia Merdeka Italia JermanTokoh dan pemimpinRichard O Connor POW Philip Neame POW Noel Beresford Peirse Alan Cunningham Neil Ritchie Claude Auchinleck Bernard Montgomery Leslie MorsheadItalo Balbo Rodolfo Graziani Italo Gariboldi Ettore Bastico Erwin Rommel Georg Stumme Ritter von Thoma POW Operasi militer diawali dengan pernyaaan perang Italia terhadap Sekutu pada 10 Juni 1940 untuk merebut Mesir dari Inggris dimana saat itu ia memiliki lebih dari satu juta orang angkatan perang yang berbasis di Libya serangan dilancarkan dari Libya menuju mesir pada 13 September 1940 Marshall Rodolfo Graziani bersama lima divisi Italia mulai bergerak cepat ke Mesir tetapi terhenti di depan pertahanan utama Inggris di Mersa Matruh Meskipun kalah jumlah Jenderal Archibald Wavell memerintahkan serangan balasan Inggris pada 9 Desember 1940 Italia menderita banyak korban dan terdesak mundur lebih dari 800 km 500 mil Pasukan Inggris bergerak di sepanjang pantai dan pada 22 Januari 1941 dan berhasil merebut pelabuhan Tobruk di Libya dari Italia Benito Mussolini mencari bantuan dari Adolf Hitler dan akhirnya pada Januari 1941 Adolf Hitler mengirim Jenderal Erwin Rommel dan Deutsches Afrikakorps yang baru dibentuk ke Afrika Utara Rommel melancarkan serangan pertamanya pada 24 Maret 1941 dan setelah seminggu pertempuran dia mendorong Archibald Wavell dan Tentara Inggris keluar dari sebagian besar Libya Namun di bawah Letnan Jenderal Leslie Morshead Inggris berhasil mempertahankan basis pasokan penting di Tobruk Archibald Wavell mencoba melakukan serangan balik pada 17 Juni 1941 tetapi pasukannya dihentikan di Halfaya Pass Tiga minggu kemudian dia digantikan oleh Jenderal Claude Auchinleck Daftar isi 1 Catatan kaki 2 Daftar pustaka 3 Bacaan tambahan 4 Pranala luarCatatan kaki SuntingDaftar pustaka SuntingBuku Appendix E H Q Cyrenaica Command Intelligence Summary No 6 23 Feb 41 WO 169 1258 The National Archives 23 February 1941 Diakses tanggal 15 March 2015 Barr Niall 2005 2004 Pendulum of War The Three Battles of El Alamein Woodstock NY Overlook Press ISBN 978 1 58567 738 2 Bauer Eddy 2000 1979 Peter Young ed The History of World War II edisi ke rev London Orbis ISBN 1 85605 552 3 Bekker Cajus 1975 The Luftwaffe War Diaries New York Ballantine Books ISBN 978 0 306 80604 9 Bierman John Smith Colin 2003 2002 War Without Hate the Desert Campaign of 1940 1943 edisi ke New New York Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 14 200394 7 Bierman John Smith Colin 2002 The Battle of Alamein Turning Point World War II New York Viking ISBN 978 0 670 03040 8 Carver M 2002 1986 Dilemmas of the Desert War the Libyan Campaign 1940 1942 edisi ke Spellmount Staplehurst Batsford ISBN 1 86227 153 4 Cooper Matthew 1978 The German Army 1933 1945 its Political and Military Failure Briarcliff Manor NY Stein and Day ISBN 0 8128 2468 7 Creveld M van 1977 Supplying War Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 29793 1 Edgerton D 2011 Britain s War Machine Weapons Resources and Experts in the Second World War London Allen Lane ISBN 978 0 713 99918 1 Green William 1970 Warplanes of the Third Reich New York Doubleday ISBN 0 38505 782 2 Hinsley F H Thomas E E Ransom C F G Knight R C 1981 British Intelligence in the Second World War Its influence on Strategy and Operations History of the Second World War II London HMSO ISBN 0 11 630934 2 Hoffman K 2004 Erwin Rommel London Brassey s ISBN 1 85753 374 7 Lewin Ronald 1998 1968 Rommel As Military Commander New York B amp N Books ISBN 978 0 7607 0861 3 von Luck Hans 1989 Panzer Commander The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck New York Dell Random House ISBN 0 440 20802 5 Mackenzie Compton 1951 Eastern Epic London Chatto amp Windus OCLC 1412578 Macksey Major Kenneth 1971 Beda Fomm Classic Victory Ballantine s Illustrated History of the Violent Century New York Ballantine Books OCLC 473687868 MacGregor Andrew 2006 2006 A Military History of Modern Egypt from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War Santa Barbara CA Praeger Security International General Interest ISBN 0 275 98601 2 Marcon Tullio 1998 I Muli del Mare dalam bahasa Italian edisi ke 3rd Parma Albertelli ISBN 978 88 87372 02 1 Pemeliharaan CS1 Bahasa yang tidak diketahui link Mead Richard 2007 Churchill s Lions A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II Stroud UK Spellmount ISBN 978 1 86227 431 0 Neillands Robin 2004 Eighth Army From the Western Desert to the Alps 1939 1945 John Murray ISBN 0 7195 5647 3 Pitt Barrie 1989 Crucible of War Western Desert 1941 edisi ke New Paragon House ISBN 978 1 55778 232 8 Playfair Major General I S O with Stitt R N Commander G M S Molony Brigadier C J C amp Toomer Air Vice Marshal S E 2004 1st pub HMSO 1954 Butler J R M ed The Mediterranean and Middle East The Early Successes Against Italy to May 1941 History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series I Naval amp Military Press ISBN 1 84574 065 3 Playfair Major General I S O with Flynn R N Captain F C Molony Brigadier C J C amp Toomer Air Vice Marshal S E 2004 HMSO 1956 Butler J R M ed The Mediterranean and Middle East The Germans come to the help of their Ally 1941 History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series II Naval amp Military Press ISBN 1 84574 066 1 Playfair Major General I S O with Flynn R N Captain F C Molony Brigadier C J C amp Gleave Group Captain T P 2004 HMSO 1960 Butler J R M ed The Mediterranean and Middle East British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb September 1941 to September 1942 History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series III Naval amp Military Press ISBN 1 84574 067 X Playfair Major General I S O and Molony Brigadier C J C with Flynn R N Captain F C amp Gleave Group Captain T P 2004 HMSO 1966 Butler J R M ed The Mediterranean and Middle East The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series IV Uckfield UK Naval amp Military Press ISBN 1 84574 068 8 Porch Douglas 2004 Hitler s Mediterranean Gamble edisi ke Cassell Military Paperbacks 2005 London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson ISBN 0 304 36705 2 Raugh H E 1993 Wavell in the Middle East 1939 1941 A Study in Generalship London Brassey s UK ISBN 0 08 040983 0 Rommel Erwin 1994 Pimlott John ed Rommel in his own words London Greenhill Books ISBN 978 1 85367 185 2 Rommel Erwin 1982 1953 Liddell Hart Basil ed The Rommel Papers New York Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 306 80157 0 Schenk Peter 1990 Invasion of England 1940 The Planning of Operation Sealion London Conway Maritime Press ISBN 0 85177 548 9 Watson B A 2007 1999 Exit Rommel The Tunisian Campaign 1942 43 Mechanicsburg PA Stackpole ISBN 0 8117 3381 5 JurnalGreene Jack Massignani Alessandro Jan Feb 1993 The Summer of 42 The Proposed Axis Invasion of Malta 20 Conshohocken PA Command Magazine ISSN 1059 5651 Jenner C J 2008 Turning the Hinge of Fate Good Source and the UK U S Intelligence Alliance 1940 1942 Diplomatic History London Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations Oxford University Press 32 2 165 205 ISSN 0145 2096 Wavell Archibald 1946 Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From August 1939 to November 1940 London War Office in No 37609 The London Gazette Supplement 13 Juni 1946 hlm 2997 3006 Wavell Archibald 1946 Despatch on Operations 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ref collection p4013coll2 id 597 Diakses pada 16 February 2015 Diarsipkan 2015 02 16 di Wayback Machine Situs web Engagements 1942 The History of the British 7th Armoured Division 2001 Diakses tanggal 20 February 2015 Bacaan tambahan SuntingBukuAlanbrooke Field Marshal Lord 2002 1957 Danchev Alex Todman Daniel ed War Diaries 1939 1945 edisi ke rev London Phoenix Press ISBN 1 84212 526 5 Beaumont Joan 1996 Australia s War 1939 1945 Melbourne Allen amp Unwin ISBN 1 86448 039 4 Carver Field Marshal Lord 2000 1962 El Alamein edisi ke New Ware Herts UK Wordsworth Editions ISBN 978 1 84022 220 3 Carver Field Marshal Lord 1964 Tobruk Pan Books ISBN 0 330 23376 9 Churchill Winston S 1986 1949 Their Finest Hour The Second World War II Boston Houghton Mifflin ISBN 0 395 41056 8 Churchill Winston S 1985 1950 The Grand Alliance The Second World War III Boston Houghton Mifflin ISBN 0 395 41057 6 Churchill Winston S Gilbert Martin 1993 The Churchill War Papers London W W Norton ISBN 0 393 01959 4 Clifford Alexander 1943 Three against Rommel London George G Harrap OCLC 480338570 Dear I C B Foot M R D ed 2005 1995 The Oxford Companion to World War II Mazal Holocaust Collection Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 280666 6 Glassop Lawson 1992 1944 We Were the Rats edisi ke Penguin Sydney Angus amp Robertson ISBN 0 14 014924 4 Harrison Frank 1999 1996 Tobruk The Great Siege Reassessed London Brockhampton Press ISBN 1 86019 986 0 Jentz Thomas L 1996 Panzer Truppen The Complete Guide to the Creation amp Combat Employment of Germany s Tank Force 1933 1942 I Schiffer Publishing ISBN 0 88740 915 6 Jentz Thomas L 1998 Tank Combat in North Africa The Opening Rounds Schiffer Publishing ISBN 0 7643 0226 4 Latimer Jon 2002 Alamein London John Murray ISBN 978 0 7195 6203 7 Latimer Jon 2000 Operation Compass 1940 Wavell s Whirlwind Offensive Campaign Oxford Osprey ISBN 1 85532 967 0 Latimer Jon 2004 Tobruk 1941 Rommel s Opening Move Greenwood Press ISBN 0 275 98287 4 Long Gavin 1961 1952 To Benghazi Official History of Australia in the Second World War Series 1 Army I Canberra Australian War Memorial OCLC 314648263 Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007 09 08 Diakses tanggal 2015 10 28 Lucas Phillips C E 1962 Alamein London Heinemann OCLC 3510044 Maughan Barton 1966 Tobruk and El Alamein Official History of Australia in the Second World War Series 1 Army III Canberra Australian War Memorial OCLC 954993 Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007 09 08 Diakses tanggal 2015 10 28 von Mellenthin Major General F W 1971 1956 Panzer Battles A Study of the Employment of Armour in the Second World War edisi ke First New York Ballantine Books ISBN 0 345 24440 0 Walker Ian W 2003 Iron hulls iron hearts Mussolini s elite armoured divisions in North Africa Marlborough Crowood ISBN 978 1 86126 646 0 Walker Ronald 1967 Alam Halfa and Alamein The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939 1945 Wellington NZ Historical Publications Branch OCLC 504337535 LaporanThompson D H 2002 Discarded Victory North Africa 1940 1941 PDF Laporan USAWC strategy research project Carlisle Barracks PA U S Army War College OCLC 50872739 Diarsipkan dari versi asli PDF tanggal 2015 09 24 Diakses tanggal 9 July 2015 Tosch D F 1987 German Operations in North Africa A Case Study of the Link Between Operational Design and Sustainment Report Command and General Staff College School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph Fort Leavenworth KS School of Advanced Military Studies U S Army Command and General Staff College OCLC 17455859 ADA 184732 Diakses tanggal 28 March 2015 TesisDando N 2014 The Impact of Terrain on British Operations and Doctrine in North Africa 1940 1943 Tesis PhD Plymouth University OCLC 885436735 https pearl plymouth ac uk handle 10026 1 3035 Diakses pada 25 March 2015 LaFace J L 2001 Tactical Victory Leading to Operational Failure Rommel in North Africa Tesis Monograph Fort Leavenworth KS Army Command and General Staff College School of Advanced Military Studies OCLC 831724060 Docket ADA 397473 http cgsc contentdm oclc org cdm singleitem collection p4013coll3 id 305 rec 1 Diakses pada 28 March 2015 Snead L R 6 May 1994 Wavell s Campaigns in the Middle East An Analysis of Operational Art and the Implications for Today Tesis Monograph Fort Leavenworth KS School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College OCLC 831935679 Docket ADA 284720 http cgsc cdmhost com cdm singleitem collection p4013coll3 id 1328 rec 2 Diakses pada 9 March 2015 Diarsipkan 2016 03 04 di Wayback Machine Pranala luar Sunting nbsp Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Western Desert Campaign AFRIKAKORPS org AANA Research Group Diarsipkan 2008 01 15 di Wayback Machine Panzer Army Africa Battle Report dated 29 June 1942 K T B 812 page 1 Panzer Army Africa Battle Report dated 29 June 1942 K T B 812 page 2 Crusader Project Axis supply statistics for North Africa https spartacus educational com 2WWdesert htm Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Kampanye Gurun Barat amp oldid 23653461