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Fungsionalisme versus intensionalisme adalah perdebatan historiografis tentang asal mula Holokaus serta sejumlah aspek R

Fungsionalisme versus intensionalisme

Fungsionalisme versus intensionalisme adalah perdebatan historiografis tentang asal mula Holokaus serta sejumlah aspek Reich Ketiga, misalnya kebijakan luar negeri. Perdebatan mengenai asal mula Holokaus berpusat pada dua pertanyaan:

  • Apakah Adolf Hitler memiliki rencana besar untuk melakukan Holokaus? Kaum intensionalis berpendapat bahwa rencana seperti itu benar-benar ada, tetapi kaum fungsionalis berpendapat sebaliknya.
  • Apakah inisiatif melakukan Holokaus berasal dari atas, artinya perintah datang langsung dari Adolf Hitler, atau dari bawah, artinya perintah datang dari para birokrat Jerman? Meski kedua belah pihak tidak membantah Holokaus dan tidak ada keraguan bahwa Hitler (selaku Führer) secara pribadi bertanggung jawab karena merongrong anti-Semitisme yang memungkinkan Holokaus terjadi, kaum intensionalis berpendapat bahwa inisiatif Holokaus datang dari atas, sedangkan kaum fungsionalis berpendapat sebaliknya.

Istilah ini dicetuskan dalam esai tahun 1981 yang ditulis sejarawan Marxis Britania Raya, Timothy Mason. Pemikir fungsionalis ternama adalah Raul Hilberg, Christopher Browning, Hans Mommsen, Martin Broszat, dan Zygmunt Bauman. Pemikir intensionalis ternama adalah Andreas Hillgruber, Karl Dietrich Bracher, Klaus Hildebrand, Eberhard Jäckel, Richard Breitman, Lucy Dawidowicz, dan Daniel Jonah Goldhagen.

Lihat pula sunting

  • Pembantahan Holokaus
  • Pendekatan merambat Holokaus
  • Perdebatan kebijakan luar negeri Nazi
    • Perdebatan pengeboman Auschwitz
  • Historiografi Jerman

Referensi sunting

  1. Browning 1986, hlm. 343 n1: "The terms 'intentionalist' and 'functionalist' were coined by Tim Mason, 'Intention and Explanation: A Current Controversy about the Interpretation of National Socialism,' Der Führerstaat: Mythos und Realität, ed. Gerhard Hirschfeld and Lothar Kettenacker (Stuttgart, 1981), 21-40. Prime examples of the two interpretive approaches can be seen in the articles by Klaus Hildebrand and Hans Mommsen in the same volume."

Sumber sunting

  • Aly, Götz & Susanne Heim. Architects of annihilation: Auschwitz and the logic of destruction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
  • Bauer, Yehuda. Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven Conn.; London: Yale University Press, 2001.
  • Bessel, Richard. "Functionalists vs. Intentionalists: The Debate Twenty Years on or Whatever Happened to Functionalism and Intentionalism?" German Studies Review Vol. 26, no. 1 (2003): pp. 15–20.
  • Bracher, Karl Dietrich The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism. translated from the German by Jean Steinberg; With an Introduction by Peter Gay, New York, Praeger 1970.
  • Breitman, Richard. The architect of genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution. New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 1991.
  • Broszat, Martin. German National Socialism, 1919–1945 translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press, 1966.
  • Broszat, Martin. The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich London: Longman, 1981.
  • Broszat, Martin (1985). "Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses". Dalam Koch, H.W. Aspects of the Third Reich. hlm. 390–429. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8. 
  • Browning, Christopher R. Fateful months: essays on the emergence of the final solution, 1941–42. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985.
  • Browning, Christopher (1986). "Nazi Ghettoization Policy in Poland: 1939–41". Central European History. 19 (4): 343–368. doi:10.1017/s0008938900011158. JSTOR 4546081. 
  • Browning, Christopher R. The path to genocide: essays on launching the final solution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Browning, Christopher R. Nazi policy, Jewish workers, German killers. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Browning, Christopher R. The origins of the Final Solution: the evolution of Nazi Jewish policy, September 1939 – March 1942 Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
  • Burrin, Philippe Hitler and the Jews: the genesis of the Holocaust London ; New York: Edward Arnold ; New York, NY: Distributed in the USA by Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, 1994.
  • Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The war against the Jews, 1933–1945 New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975.
  • Fleming, Gerald Hitler and the Final Solution Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
  • Haberer, Erich (2001). "Intention and Feasibility: Reflections on Collaboration and the Final Solution". East European Jewish Affairs. 31 (2): 64–81. doi:10.1080/13501670108577951. OCLC 210897979. 
  • Hilberg, Raul The Destruction of the European Jews Yale University Press, 2003, c1961.
  • Hildebrand, Klaus Das Dritte Reich Muenchen: Oldenbourg, 1980 translated into English by P.S. Falla as The Third Reich, London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1984.
  • Hillgruber, Andreas (1981). Germany And The Two World Wars. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-35321-3. 
  • Kershaw, Sir Ian Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris, New York: Norton, 1999, 1998.
  • Kershaw, Sir Ian The Nazi dictatorship: problems and perspectives of interpretation London: Arnold ; New York: Copublished in the USA by Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • Kershaw, Sir Ian Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis, New York: W.W. Norton, 2000.
  • Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler, the Germans, and the Final Solution. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12427-9. 
  • Jäckel, Eberhard Hitler in history Hanover, NH: Published for Brandeis University Press by University Press of New England, 1984.
  • Marrus, Michael (2000). The Holocaust in History. Toronto: Key Porter. ISBN 978-1-55263-120-1. 
  • Mommsen, Hans. From Weimar to Auschwitz Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991.
  • Rees, Laurence (1997). The Nazis: A Warning From History. foreword by Sir Ian Kershaw. New York: New Press. ISBN 1-56584-551-X. 
  • Roseman, Mark. The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution:A Reconsideration. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2002.
  • Rosenbaum, Ron Explaining Hitler: the search for the origins of his evil, New York: Random House, 1998
  • Schleunes, Karl. The Twisted Road to Auschwitz; Nazi Policy Toward German Jews, 1933–1939, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970.
  • Streim, Alfred (1989). "The Tasks of the SS Einsatzgruppen, pages 436–454". Dalam Marrus, Michael. The Nazi Holocaust, Part 3, The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder, Volume 2. Westpoint, CT: Meckler. ISBN 0-88736-266-4. 
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Tanggal penerbitan:
Fungsionalisme versus intensionalisme adalah perdebatan historiografis tentang asal mula Holokaus serta sejumlah aspek Reich Ketiga misalnya kebijakan luar negeri Perdebatan mengenai asal mula Holokaus berpusat pada dua pertanyaan Apakah Adolf Hitler memiliki rencana besar untuk melakukan Holokaus Kaum intensionalis berpendapat bahwa rencana seperti itu benar benar ada tetapi kaum fungsionalis berpendapat sebaliknya Apakah inisiatif melakukan Holokaus berasal dari atas artinya perintah datang langsung dari Adolf Hitler atau dari bawah artinya perintah datang dari para birokrat Jerman Meski kedua belah pihak tidak membantah Holokaus dan tidak ada keraguan bahwa Hitler selaku Fuhrer secara pribadi bertanggung jawab karena merongrong anti Semitisme yang memungkinkan Holokaus terjadi kaum intensionalis berpendapat bahwa inisiatif Holokaus datang dari atas sedangkan kaum fungsionalis berpendapat sebaliknya Istilah ini dicetuskan dalam esai tahun 1981 yang ditulis sejarawan Marxis Britania Raya Timothy Mason 1 Pemikir fungsionalis ternama adalah Raul Hilberg Christopher Browning Hans Mommsen Martin Broszat dan Zygmunt Bauman Pemikir intensionalis ternama adalah Andreas Hillgruber Karl Dietrich Bracher Klaus Hildebrand Eberhard Jackel Richard Breitman Lucy Dawidowicz dan Daniel Jonah Goldhagen Lihat pula suntingPembantahan Holokaus Pendekatan merambat Holokaus Perdebatan kebijakan luar negeri Nazi Perdebatan pengeboman Auschwitz Historiografi Jerman Historikerstreit Sonderweg Vergangenheitsbewaltigung Teori korban teori bahwa Austria adalah korban Nazisme setelah AnschlussReferensi sunting Browning 1986 hlm 343 n1 The terms intentionalist and functionalist were coined by Tim Mason Intention and Explanation A Current Controversy about the Interpretation of National Socialism Der Fuhrerstaat Mythos und Realitat ed Gerhard Hirschfeld and Lothar Kettenacker Stuttgart 1981 21 40 Prime examples of the two interpretive approaches can be seen in the articles by Klaus Hildebrand and Hans Mommsen in the same volume Sumber suntingAly Gotz amp Susanne Heim Architects of annihilation Auschwitz and the logic of destruction Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 2002 Bauer Yehuda Rethinking the Holocaust New Haven Conn London Yale University Press 2001 Bessel Richard Functionalists vs Intentionalists The Debate Twenty Years on or Whatever Happened to Functionalism and Intentionalism German Studies Review Vol 26 no 1 2003 pp 15 20 Bracher Karl Dietrich The German Dictatorship The Origins Structure and Effects of National Socialism translated from the German by Jean Steinberg With an Introduction by Peter Gay New York Praeger 1970 Breitman Richard The architect of genocide Himmler and the Final Solution New York Knopf Distributed by Random House 1991 Broszat Martin German National Socialism 1919 1945 translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm Santa Barbara Calif Clio Press 1966 Broszat Martin The Hitler State The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich London Longman 1981 Broszat Martin 1985 Genesis of the Final Solution An Assessment of David Irving s Theses Dalam Koch H W Aspects of the Third Reich hlm 390 429 ISBN 978 0 312 05726 8 Browning Christopher R Fateful months essays on the emergence of the final solution 1941 42 New York Holmes amp Meier 1985 Browning Christopher 1986 Nazi Ghettoization Policy in Poland 1939 41 Central European History 19 4 343 368 doi 10 1017 s0008938900011158 JSTOR 4546081 Browning Christopher R The path to genocide essays on launching the final solution Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1992 Browning Christopher R Nazi policy Jewish workers German killers Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press 2000 Browning Christopher R The origins of the Final Solution the evolution of Nazi Jewish policy September 1939 March 1942 Lincoln University of Nebraska Press 2004 Burrin Philippe Hitler and the Jews the genesis of the Holocaust London New York Edward Arnold New York NY Distributed in the USA by Routledge Chapman and Hall 1994 Dawidowicz Lucy S The war against the Jews 1933 1945 New York Holt Rinehart and Winston 1975 Fleming Gerald Hitler and the Final Solution Berkeley University of California Press 1984 Haberer Erich 2001 Intention and Feasibility Reflections on Collaboration and the Final Solution East European Jewish Affairs 31 2 64 81 doi 10 1080 13501670108577951 OCLC 210897979 Hilberg Raul The Destruction of the European Jews Yale University Press 2003 c1961 Hildebrand Klaus Das Dritte Reich Muenchen Oldenbourg 1980 translated into English by P S Falla as The Third Reich London G Allen amp Unwin 1984 Hillgruber Andreas 1981 Germany And The Two World Wars Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 35321 3 Kershaw Sir Ian Hitler 1889 1936 Hubris New York Norton 1999 1998 Kershaw Sir Ian The Nazi dictatorship problems and perspectives of interpretation London Arnold New York Copublished in the USA by Oxford University Press 2000 Kershaw Sir Ian Hitler 1936 45 Nemesis New York W W Norton 2000 Kershaw Ian 2008 Hitler the Germans and the Final Solution New Haven Conn Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 12427 9 Jackel Eberhard Hitler in history Hanover NH Published for Brandeis University Press by University Press of New England 1984 Marrus Michael 2000 The Holocaust in History Toronto Key Porter ISBN 978 1 55263 120 1 Mommsen Hans From Weimar to Auschwitz Princeton N J Princeton University Press 1991 Rees Laurence 1997 The Nazis A Warning From History foreword by Sir Ian Kershaw New York New Press ISBN 1 56584 551 X Roseman Mark The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution A Reconsideration New York Metropolitan Books 2002 Rosenbaum Ron Explaining Hitler the search for the origins of his evil New York Random House 1998 Schleunes Karl The Twisted Road to Auschwitz Nazi Policy Toward German Jews 1933 1939 Urbana University of Illinois Press 1970 Streim Alfred 1989 The Tasks of the SS Einsatzgruppen pages 436 454 Dalam Marrus Michael The Nazi Holocaust Part 3 The Final Solution The Implementation of Mass Murder Volume 2 Westpoint CT Meckler ISBN 0 88736 266 4 Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Fungsionalisme versus intensionalisme amp oldid 24995945