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Frenologi dari bahasa Yunani frhn phren pikiran dan logos logos pengetahuan adalah ilmu semu yang berupaya mempelajari hubungan antara karakter seseorang dengan tengkorak manusia Bidang ini didasarkan pada konsep bahwa otak adalah organ pikiran dan beberapa wilayah otak terdiri dari fungsi fungsi yang terlokalisasi 1 Frenologi dikembangkan oleh dokter Jerman Franz Joseph Gall pada tahun 1796 2 dan sangat populer pada abad ke 19 terutama dari tahun 1810 hingga 1840 Namun kini frenologi sudah tidak akurat dan dianggap sebagai neuroanatomi primitif Meskipun begitu pemikiran frenologis telah memengaruhi psikiatri pada abad ke 19 dan neurosains modern Asumsi Gall bahwa karakter pemikiran dan emosi terlokalisasi di beberapa bagian otak juga dianggap sebagai langkah menuju neuropsikologi 3 4 Pemetaan otak berdasarkan frenologi pada tahun 1883 Catatan Sunting Fodor Jerry A 1983 Modularity of Mind An Essay on Faculty Psychology Cambridge Mass MIT Press ISBN 0 262 56025 9 hal 14 23 131 Graham Patrick 2001 Phrenology videorecording DVD revealing the mysteries of the mind Richmond Hill Ont American Home Treasures ISBN 0 7792 5135 0 Fodor JA 1983 The Modularity of Mind MIT Press pp 14 23 131 Simpson D 2005 Phrenology and the Neurosciences Contributions of F J Gall and J G Spurzheim ANZ Journal of Surgery Oxford Vol 75 6 hal 475Pranala luar Sunting nbsp Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Phrenology Manual of Phrenology Diarsipkan 2023 07 25 di Wayback Machine Open Content Alliance eBook Collection Manual of phrenology being an analytical summary of the system of Doctor Gall on the faculties of man and the functions of the brain translated from the 4th French ed A System of Phrenology Diarsipkan 2023 02 05 di Wayback Machine Open Content Alliance eBook Collection George Combe s A system of phrenology New illustrated self instructor in phrenology and physiology Diarsipkan 2023 07 25 di Wayback Machine Open Content Alliance eBook Collection Fowler O S Orson Squire 1809 1887 Fowler L N Lorenzo Niles 1811 1896 The History of Phrenology on the Web Diarsipkan 2023 07 11 di Wayback Machine by John van Wyhe PhD Phrenology an Overview Diarsipkan 2007 11 29 di Wayback Machine includes The History of Phrenology by John van Wyhe PhD The Phrenology Pages Diarsipkan 2021 01 25 di Wayback Machine a Belgian site advocating phrenology Phrenology Today Diarsipkan 2009 03 03 di Wayback Machine Russian portal advocating phrenology Articles on so called modern phrenology Examples of phrenological tools can be seen in The Museum of Questionable Medical Devices in Minneapolis Minnesota U S Diarsipkan 2023 06 12 di Wayback Machine Joseph Vimont Traite de phrenologie humaine et comparee Paris 1832 1835 Diarsipkan 2007 05 15 di Wayback Machine Selected pages scanned from the original work Historical Anatomies on the Web US National Library of Medicine Jean Claude Vimont Phrenologie a Rouen les moulages du musee Flaubert d histoire de la medecine Diarsipkan 2012 03 01 di Wayback Machine Phrenology History of a Classic Pseudoscience Diarsipkan 2011 01 05 di Wayback Machine by Steven Novella MD Historical Deadwood Newspaper accounts of C R Broadbent well known speaker on Phrenology and Physiology visit Deadwood SD 1878 Diarsipkan 2022 03 27 di Wayback Machine The Skeptic s Dictionary Diarsipkan 2007 04 05 di Wayback Machine by Robert Todd Carroll Who Named It Franz Joseph Gall Diarsipkan 2007 01 01 di Wayback Machine Biography of Franz Joseph Gall and his creation Phrenology Phrenology by George Burgess 1829 1905 Diarsipkan 2013 11 03 di Wayback Machine George Burgess Phrenologist in Bristol England 1861 1901 History of the Phrenology Bust as developed by Spurzheim Diarsipkan 2010 04 24 di Wayback Machine George Combe s Elements of Phrenology Diarsipkan 2009 08 06 di Wayback Machine Psychophysiognomy Today Diarsipkan 2023 06 01 di Wayback Machine Polish portal advocating psychophy siognomy Articles on modern psychophy siognomy and the current use of psychophy siognomy in the personal consultation Phrenology Tools of the Trade pranala nonaktif permanen Early accounts of Phrenology practice pranala nonaktif permanen Brain and Mind electronic magazine on Neuroscience Modern Phrenology Offshoots of Phrenology Craniology and Anthropometry Diarsipkan 2023 05 19 di Wayback Machine Florida State University College of Criminology and Criminal Justice Course material Diarsipkan 2011 03 04 di Wayback Machine Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Frenologi amp oldid 23904269