Debat mengenai pengeboman Hiroshima dan Nagasaki terkait dengan kontroversi etika legal dan militer pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat pada tanggal 6 Agustus dan 9 Agustus 1945 demi mengakhiri Perang Dunia Kedua 1939 45 Di satu sisi dianggap sudah tepat karena terbukti membuat Jepang menyerah tetapi di sisi yang lain dianggap tidak tepat karena banyaknya korban sipil yang berjatuhan berjatuhan tapi bom ini sangat efektif untuk membuat Jepang menyerah dan menghindari perang total diatas tanah Jepang dalam Operation Downfall Sebelum Amerika menjatuhkan duo bom atom tersebut ke Hiroshima dan Nagasaki para jendral ahli militer dan petinggi petinggi lainnya di kubu Amerika sudah menyusun strategi dan menghitung untuk menguasai Jepang secara skala penuh melalui sebuah serbuan besar besaran keatas daratan Jepang Awan jamur Fat Man muncul dari peledakan nuklir pada saat serangan di NagasakiDari hitung hitungan yang berdasarkan jumlah kekuatan luas wilayah step step wilayah yang harus dilalui metodenya serta sospolbud dari penduduk Jepang Amerika memperkirakan jumlah korban dari kedua sisi akan sangat besar Amerika sendiri memperkirakan ratusan ribu pasukannya akan menjadi korban sementara di Jepang sendiri jutaan manusia baik dari militer pemerintahan sampai sipil akan menjadi korban kalau dilihat dari militansi masyarakatnya singkat kata Amerika menggunakan bom Atom untuk memberi peringatan terakhir sebelum perang skala penuh diluncurkan Referensi suntingCatatan Daftar pustakaAllen Thomas Polmar Norman 1995 Code Name Downfall The Secret Plan to Invade Japan And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb New York NY Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 684 80406 4 Alperovitz Gar 2004 1965 Atomic Diplomacy Hiroshima and Potsdam edisi ke 2nd New York NY Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 0 745 30947 7 Anders Roger M 1986 Military Library Nuclear America by Gerard H Clarfield and William M Wiecek Japan s Secret War by Robert K Wilcox Military Affairs 50 1 56 57 JSTOR 1988558 Appleman Roy E Burns James M Gugeler Russell A Stevens John 2000 Okinawa The Last Battle Washington DC United States Army Center of Military History Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009 09 26 Diakses tanggal 2014 03 26 Axinn Sidney 1986 Honor Patriotism and Ultimate Loyalty In Avner Cohen amp Steven Lee eds Nuclear Weapons and the Future of Humanity The Fundamental Questions pp 273 288 Totowa NJ Rowman amp Allanheld ISBN 978 0 847 67258 5 Bess Michael 2006 Choices Under Fire Moral Dimensions of World War II New York NY Knopf ISBN 978 0 307 26365 0 Bevan Robert 2007 The Destruction of Memory Architecture at War London Reaktion Books ISBN 978 1 861 89638 4 Bix Herbert P 1996 Japan s Delayed Surrender A Reinterpretation In Michael J Hogan ed Hiroshima in History and Memory pp 80 115 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 56206 5 2000 Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan London Gerald Duckworth ISBN 978 0 715 63077 8 Boyd Carl Yoshida Akihiko 2002 The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II Annapolis MD Naval Institute Press ISBN 978 1 557 50015 1 Boyle Francis A 2002 The Criminality of Nuclear Deterrence Atlanta GA Clarity Press ISBN 978 0 932 86333 1 Burrell Robert S 2006 The Ghosts of Iwo Jima College Station TX Texas A amp M University Press ISBN 978 1 585 44483 0 Caney Simon 2005 Justice beyond Borders A Global Political Theory Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 198 29350 7 Carroll James 2006 House of War The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power Boston MA Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ISBN 978 0 618 18780 5 Chomsky Noam 1967a The Responsibility of Intellectuals The New York Review of Books 8 3 Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014 02 20 Diakses tanggal 2 December 2013 Chomsky Noam 1967b An Exchange on The Responsibility of Intellectuals The New York Review of Books 8 7 Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008 05 13 Diakses tanggal 2 December 2013 Coughlin William 1953 The Great Mokusatsu Mistake Was This the Deadliest Error of Our Time Harper s Magazine 206 1234 31 40 ISSN 0017 789X Cousins Norman 1987 The Pathology of Power New York NY W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 02378 7 Cox Harvey 1997 Repentance and Forgiveness A Christian Perspective In Amitai Etzioni and David E Carney eds Repentance A Comparative Perspective pp 21 30 Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 847 68470 0 Craig Campbell Logevall Fredrik 2009 America s Cold War The Politics of Insecurity Cambridge MA Belknap Press ISBN 978 0 674 03553 9 Cumings Bruce 1999 Parallax Visions Making Sense of American East Asian Relations at the End of the Century Durham NC Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 822 32276 4 Davies Roger J Ikeno Osamu ed 2002 The Japanese Mind Understanding Contemporary Japanese Culture Boston MA Tuttle Publishing ISBN 978 0 804 83295 3 Dower John W 1995 The Bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japanese Memory Diplomatic History 19 2 1998 Embracing Defeat Japan in the Wake of World War II New York NY W W Norton ISBN 978 0 393 04686 1 Eisenhower Dwight D 1963 The White House Years Mandate For Change 1953 1956 New York NY Doubleday amp Company Falk Richard 2003 State Terror versus Humanitarian Law In Mark Selden and Alvin Y So eds War and State Terrorism The United States Japan and the Asia Pacific in the Long Twentieth Century pp 41 61 Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 742 52391 3 Frank Richard B 1999 Downfall The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire New York NY Random House ISBN 978 0 679 41424 7 Frank Richard B 2004 President Harry S Truman s Farewell Address and the Atomic Bomb The High Price of Secrecy In Richard Stewart Kirkendall ed Harry s Farewell Interpreting and Teaching the Truman Presidency pp 105 142 Columbia MO University of Missouri Press ISBN 978 0 826 21552 9 Frey Robert S ed 2004 The Genocidal Temptation Auschwitz Hiroshima Rwanda and Beyond Lanham MD University Press of America ISBN 978 0 761 82743 6 Gaddis John Lewis 2005 The Cold War London Allen Lane ISBN 978 0 713 99912 9 Gentile Gian P 2000 How Effective is Strategic Bombing Lessons Learned from World War II to Kosovo New York NY New York University Press ISBN 978 0 814 73135 2 Groves Leslie 1962 Now it Can be Told The Story of the Manhattan Project New York NY Harper amp Row ISBN 0 306 70738 1 OCLC 537684 Gruhl Werner 2007 Imperial Japan s World War Two 1931 1945 Piscataway NJ Transaction Publishers ISBN 978 0 765 80352 8 Grunden Walter E 1998 Hungnam and the Japanese Atomic Bomb Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth Intelligence and National Security 13 2 32 60 doi 10 1080 02684529808432475 Harbour Frances Vryling 1999 Thinking About International Ethics Moral Theory and Cases from American Foreign Policy Boulder CO Westview Press ISBN 978 0 813 32847 8 Hasegawa Tsuyoshi 2005 Racing the Enemy Stalin Truman and the Surrender of Japan Cambridge MA Belknap Press ISBN 978 0 674 01693 4 Home R W Low Morris F 1993 Postwar Scientific Intelligence Missions to Japan Isis 84 3 527 537 JSTOR 235645 Kazemek Francis E 1994 Two Handfuls of Bone and Ash Teaching Our Children about Hiroshima Phi Delta Kappan 75 7 531 534 JSTOR 20405161 Kolko Gabriel 1990 1968 The Politics of War The World and United States Foreign Policy 1943 1945 New York NY Random House ISBN 978 0 679 72757 6 Kort Michael 2006 Racing the Enemy A Critical Look Historically Speaking 7 3 Leahy William D 1950 I was there New York NY McGraw Hill Book Company Lee Bruce 2001 Marching Orders The Untold Story Of World War II New York NY Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 306 81036 7 Levering Ralph B 2007 Book Review Racing the Enemy by Tsuyoshi Hasegawa Journal of American History 94 1 329 JSTOR 25094908 Lynn John A 2008 Battle A History of Combat and Culture New York NY Basic Books ISBN 978 0 813 33372 4 Maddox Robert James 1995 The Biggest Decision Why We Had to Drop the Atomic Bomb American Heritage 46 3 Diakses tanggal 1 June 2012 2004 1995 Weapons for Victory The Hiroshima Decision Columbia MO University of Missouri Press ISBN 978 0 826 21562 8 Maga Timothy P 2001 Judgment at Tokyo the Japanese War Crimes Trials Lexington KY University Press of Kentucky ISBN 978 0 813 12177 2 Marty Martin E 1996 Modern American Religion Volume 3 Under God Indivisible 1941 1960 Chicago IL University Of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 50898 6 Miles Rufus E 1985 Hiroshima The Strange Myth of Half a Million American Lives Saved International Security 10 2 121 140 JSTOR 2538830 Miscamble Wilson D 2011 The Most Controversial Decision Truman the Atomic Bombs and the Defeat of Japan New York NY Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 51419 4 Nassar Jamal 2009 Globalization and Terrorism The Migration of Dreams and Nightmares Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 742 55788 8 Newman Robert P 2004 Enola Gay and the Court of History New York NY Peter Lang ISBN 978 0 820 47457 1 Newman Robert P 2011 Truman and the Hiroshima Cult East Lansing MI Michigan State University Press ISBN 978 0 870 13940 6 Oppenheimer J Robert 1948 Physics in the contemporary world Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 4 3 65 68 85 86 Pape Robert A 1993 Why Japan Surrendered International Security 18 2 154 201 JSTOR 2539100 Rice Sarah 2005 Book Notes The Genocidal Temptation Auschwitz Hiroshima Rwanda and Beyond by Robert S Frey ed Harvard Human Rights Journal 18 289ff Scalia Joseph M 2000 Germany s Last Mission to Japan The Failed Voyage of U 234 Annapolis MD Naval Institute Press ISBN 978 1 557 50811 9 Selden Kyoko Selden Mark ed 1989 The Atomic Bomb Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki Armonk NY M E Sharpe ISBN 978 0 873 32556 1 Sherwin Martin 1974 A World Destroyed The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance New York NY Random House ISBN 978 0 394 49794 5 Sherwin Martin 2003 A World Destroyed The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance edisi ke 3rd Stanford CA Stanford University Press ISBN 978 0 804 73957 3 Stohl Michael 1988 National Interests and State Terrorism in International Affairs In Michael Stohl ed The Politics of Terrorism pp 273 294 edisi ke 3rd New York NY Marcel Dekker ISBN 978 0 824 77814 9 Toland John 2003 1970 The Rising Sun The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 1945 New York NY Modern Library ISBN 978 0 812 96858 3 Wainstock Dennis 1996 The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Westport CT Praeger ISBN 978 0 275 95475 8 Walker J Samuel 2005 Recent Literature on Truman s Atomic Bomb Decision A Search for Middle Ground Diplomatic History 29 hlm 311 334 doi 10 1111 j 1467 7709 2005 00476 x 1996 The Decision to Use the Bomb A Historiographical Update In Michael J Hogan ed Hiroshima in History and Memory pp 11 37 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 56206 5 Weingartner James J 1992 Trophies of War U S Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead 1941 1945 Pacific Historical Review 61 1 53 67 JSTOR 3640788 Wilkins Burleigh Taylor 1992 Terrorism and Collective Responsibility Routledge ISBN 0 415 04152 X Wilson Ward 2007 The Winning Weapon Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in the Light of Hiroshima PDF International Security 31 4 162 179 doi 10 1162 isec 2007 31 4 162 Bacaan tambahan suntingAllen Thomas B and Polmar Norman 1995 Code Name Downfall The Secret Plan to Invade Japan And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 684 80406 9 Pemeliharaan CS1 Banyak nama authors list link Concludes the bombings were justified Alperovitz Gar 1995 The Decision To Use The Atomic Bomb And The Architecture Of An American Myth Knopf ISBN 0 679 44331 2 Weighs whether the bombings were justified or necessary concludes they were not Bernstein Barton J Editor 1976 The Atomic Bomb The Critical Issues Little Brown ISBN 0 316 09192 8 Pemeliharaan CS1 Teks tambahan authors list link Weighs whether the bombings were justified or necessary Bird Kai and Sherwin Martin J 2005 American Prometheus The Triumph and Tragedy of J Robert Oppenheimer Knopf ISBN 0 375 41202 6 Pemeliharaan CS1 Banyak nama authors list link The thing had to be done but Circumstances are heavy with misgiving Butow Robert 1954 Japan s Decision to Surrender Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 0460 0 Explains the conflicts and debates within the Japanese government from the onset of World War II until surrender Concludes the bombings were justified Feis Herbert 1961 Japan Subdued The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific Princeton University Press Concludes that the bombs were not only necessary but legally and morally acceptable 1966 reprint Frank Richard B 1999 Downfall The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire Random House ISBN 0 679 41424 X Major work concludes that the bombs were morally reprehensible but influential on the surrender and understandable given the circumstances Fussell Paul 1988 Thank God For The Atom Bomb And Other Essays Summit Books ISBN 0 345 36135 0 Exceedingly Orthodox article defends the bomb but not a serious academic work Grayling A C 2006 Among the Dead Cities Walker Publishing Company Inc ISBN 0 8027 1471 4 Philosophical moral discussion concerning the Allied strategy of area bombing in World War II including the use of atomic weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Ham Paul 2011 Hiroshima Nagasaki HarperCollins Publishers ISBN 978 0 7322 8845 7 Concludes that the atomic bombings were unnecessary Challenges the view that that the atomic bombings were necessary to end the Pacific War and save lives Hasegawa Tsuyoshi 2005 Racing the Enemy Stalin Truman and the Surrender of Japan Belknap Press ISBN 0 674 01693 9 Argues the bombs were not the deciding factor in ending the war The Russian entrance into the Pacific war was the primary cause for Japan s surrender Hasegawa Tsuyoshi 17 August 2007 The Atomic Bombs and the Soviet Invasion What Drove Japan s Decision to Surrender Japan Focus Diakses tanggal 17 June 2012 Here he sharpens his earlier view that the Russian entrance into the Pacific war was the primary cause for Japan s surrender Maddox Robert James 1995 Weapons for Victory The Hiroshima Decision University of Missouri Press ISBN 0 8262 1562 9 Author is a diplomatic historian who favors Truman s decision to drop the atomic bombs Newman Robert P 1995 Truman and the Hiroshima Cult Michigan State University Press ISBN 0 87013 403 5 An analysis critical of postwar opposition to the atom bombings Nobile Philip Editor 1995 Judgement at the Smithsonian Marlowe and Company ISBN 1 56924 841 9 Pemeliharaan CS1 Teks tambahan authors list link Covers the controversy over the content of the 1995 Smithsonian Institution exhibition associated with the display of the Enola Gay includes complete text of the planned and canceled exhibition Takaki Ronald 1995 Hiroshima Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb Little Brown ISBN 0 316 83124 7 Pranala luar suntingHiroshima Was It Necessary Reflections of a Far East Prisoner of War on the use of the atomic bombs Annotated bibliography on the decision to use the atomic bombs on Japan Diarsipkan 2008 07 03 di Wayback Machine The Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Unconditional Surrender Demobilization and the Atomic Bomb Diarsipkan 2011 10 16 di Wayback Machine by Michael D Pearlman U S Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth Kansas 66027 1352 The Obliteration of Hiroshima Diarsipkan 2001 03 04 di Archive is Stephen R Shalom from New Politics vol 6 no 1 new series whole no 21 Summer 1996 Hiroshima the White Man s Bomb revisited Dropping the Bomb on Japan was the final act of a bitter race war in the Pacific Diarsipkan 2007 11 15 di Wayback Machine by Mick Hume Spiked 2 August 2005 Abridged version of a 1995 article in Living Marxism Yuki Tanaka and Richard Falk The Atomic Bombing The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal and the Shimoda Case Lessons for Anti Nuclear Legal Movements The Asia Pacific Journal Vol 44 3 09 2 November 2009 Record of private talk between Winston Churchill and Generalissimo Stalin after the Plenary Session on 17 July 1945 at Potsdam pranala nonaktif permanen The Enola Gay Controversy About Overview International Peoples Tribunal on the Dropping of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Diarsipkan 2011 07 16 di Wayback Machine Dietrich Bill 1995 Pro and Con on Dropping the Bomb Seattle Times MacLaren Don 1998 Troubling memories of the past Better to bomb than blockade The Japan Times Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Debat mengenai pengeboman Hiroshima dan Nagasaki amp oldid 24991261
