Daftar hitam Hollywood

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang daftar hitam politik pada 1940an dan 1950an. Untuk film dokumenter pendek 1950 tentang ini, lihat The Hollywood Ten. Untuk survei permainan latar yang belum diproduksi, lihat Black List (survei).

Daftar hitam Hollywood—atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai daftar hitam industri hiburan—adalah praktek penolakan pekerjaan terhadap para penulis latar, aktor, sutradara, musisi, dan anggota profesional dunia hiburan Amerika lainnya pada pertengahan abad ke-20 karena mereka dituduh simpatisan atau berhubungan dengan Komunis. Para artisditarik dari pekerjaannya atas dasar tuduhan keanggotaan mereka dalam atau bersimpati dengan Partai Komunis AS atau menolak untuk ikut penyelidikan dalam aktivitas partai tersebut. Bahkan pada masa penegakan terkuatnya, akhir 1940an sampai akhir 1950an, daftar hitam-nya terkadang eksplisit atau terverifiabel, namun langsung menghancurkan karier orang-orang dalam industri film.

Daftar hitam Hollywood sistematis pertama dilembagakan pada 24 November 1947, sehari setelah sepuluh penulis dan sutradara dikutip kontem Kongres karena menolak pentestifikasian untuk House Un-American Activities Committee. Sekelompok eksekutif studio, yang bertindak di bawah naungan Motion Picture Association of America, membela artis-artis tersebut—yang disebut Hollywood Ten—dan menjadi dikenal sebagai Pernyataan Waldorf.

Pada 22 Juni 1950, sebuah pamflet berjudul Red Channels diterbitkan. Berfokus pada bidang penyiaran, pamflet tersebut mengidentifikasikan 151 anggota profesional industri hiburan dalam konteks "Fasis Merah dan simpatisan mereka". Kemudian, kebanyakan dari mereka, bersama dengan pembawa acara dari artis lainnya, dikeluarkan dari pekerjaan dalam sebagian besar bidang dunia hiburan.

Daftar hitam berlanjut sampai 1960, saat Dalton Trumbo, seorang anggota Partai Komunis dari 1943 sampai 1948 dan anggota Hollywood Ten, diangkat sebagai penulis latar dari film yang sangat sukses Exodus, dan kemudian secara terbuka diketahui oleh aktor Kirk Douglas karena menulis permainan latar untuk film Spartacus. Namun, sejumlah orang yang masuk daftar hitam masih ditolak bekerja dalam profesi-profesi mereka selama bertahun-tahun setelahnya.

Hollywood Ten dan orang-orang yang masuk daftar hitam lainnya pada 1947

Hollywood Ten

Berikut ini adalah sepuluh orang yang dikutip kontem Kongres dan dimasukkan daftar hitam setelah menolak menjawab pertanyaan tentang tuduhan keterlibatan mereka dengan Partai Komunis:

• Alvah Bessie, penulis latar
• Herbert Biberman, penulis latar dan sutradara
• Lester Cole, penulis latar
• Edward Dmytryk, sutradara
• Ring Lardner Jr., penulis latar
• John Howard Lawson, penulis latar
• Albert Maltz, penulis latar
• Samuel Ornitz, penulis latar
• Adrian Scott, produser dan penulis latar
• Dalton Trumbo, penulis latar

Lain-lain

• Hanns Eisler, komposer
• Bernard Gordon, penulis latar
• Joan LaCour Scott, penulis latar

Orang-orang yang masuk daftar hitam antara Januari 1948 dan Juni 1950

(yang berbintang menandakan orang yang juga masuk dalam Red Channels)

• Ben Barzman, penulis latar
• Paul Draper, aktor dan penari*
• Sheridan Gibney, penulis latar
• Paul Green, pengarang drama dan penulis latar
• Lillian Hellman, pengarang drama dan penulis latar*
• Canada Lee, aktor
• Paul Robeson, aktor dan penyanyi
• Edwin Rolfe, penulis latar dan penyair
• William Sweets, penyiar radio*
• Richard Wright, penulis

Daftar Red Channels

(lihat, e.g., Schrecker [2002], p. 244; Barnouw [1990], pp. 122–24)

Larry Adler, aktor dan musisi Luther Adler, aktor dan sutradara Stella Adler, aktor dan guru Edith Atwater, aktor Howard Bay, perancang latar Ralph Bell, aktor Leonard Bernstein, komposer dan konduktor Walter Bernstein, penulis latar Michael Blankfort, penulis latar^[c] Marc Blitzstein, komposer True Boardman, penulis latar Millen Brand, penulis Oscar Brand, penyanyi foklor Joseph Edward Bromberg, aktor Himan Brown, produser dan sutradara John Brown, aktor Abe Burrows, pengarang drama dan pembuat lirik Morris Carnovsky, aktor Cliff Carpenter, aktor Vera Caspary, penulis Edward Chodorov, penulis latar dan produser Jerome Chodorov, penulis Mady Christians, aktor Lee J. Cobb, aktor Marc Connelly, pengarang drama Aaron Copland, komposer Norman Corwin, penulis Howard Da Silva, aktor Roger De Koven, aktor Dean Dixon, konduktor Olin Downes, kritikus musik Alfred Drake, aktor dan penyanyi Paul Draper, aktor dan penari Howard Duff, aktor Clifford J. Durr, jaksa Richard Dyer-Bennet, penyanyi foklor José Ferrer, aktor Louise Fitch (Lewis), aktor Martin Gabel, aktor Arthur Gaeth, komentator radio William S. Gailmor, jurnalis dan komentator radio John Garfield, aktor Will Geer, aktor Jack Gilford, aktor dan komedian Tom Glazer, penyanyi foklor Ruth Gordon, aktor dan penulis latar Lloyd Gough, aktor Morton Gould, pianis dan komposer Shirley Graham, penulis Ben Grauer, pembawa acara radio dan TV Mitchell Grayson, sutradara dan produser radio Horace Grenell, konduktor dan produser musik

Uta Hagen, aktor dan guru Dashiell Hammett, penulis E. Y. "Yip" Harburg, pembuat lirik Robert P. Heller, jurnalis televisi Lillian Hellman, pengarang drama dan penulis latar Jon Hering, intern Nat Hiken, penulis dan produser Rose Hobart, aktor Judy Holliday, aktor dan komedian Roderick B. Holmgren, jurnalis Lena Horne, penyanyi dan aktor Langston Hughes, penulis Marsha Hunt, aktor Leo Hurwitz, sutradara Charles Irving, aktor Burl Ives, penyanyi foklor dan aktor Sam Jaffe, aktor Leon Janney, aktor Joe Julian, aktor Garson Kanin, penulis dan sutradara George Keane, aktor Donna Keath, aktor radio Pert Kelton, aktor Alexander Kendrick, jurnalis dan pengarang Adelaide Klein, aktor Howard Koch, penulis latar Tony Kraber, aktor Millard Lampell, penulis latar John La Touche, pembuat lirik Arthur Laurents, penulis Gypsy Rose Lee, aktor dan ekdisias Madeline Lee, aktris^[d] Ray Lev, pianis klasik Philip Loeb, aktor Ella Logan, aktor dan penyanyi Alan Lomax, folkloris dan musikologis Avon Long, aktor dan penyanyi Joseph Losey, sutradara Peter Lyon, penulis televisi Aline MacMahon, aktor Paul Mann, sutradara dan guru Margo, aktor dan penari Myron McCormick, aktor Paul McGrath, aktor radio Burgess Meredith, aktor Arthur Miller, pengarang drama Henry Morgan, aktor Zero Mostel, aktor dan komedian Jean Muir, aktor Meg Mundy, aktor Lyn Murray, komposer dan pemimpin paduan suara

Ben Myers, jaksa Dorothy Parker, penulis George Pepper, produser Jeanette Pepper, ekonomis Arnold Perl, produser dan penulis Minerva Pious, aktor Samson Raphaelson, penulis latar dan pengarang drama Bernard Reis, akuntan Anne Revere, aktor Kenneth Roberts, penulis Earl Robinson, komposer dan pembuat lirik Edward G. Robinson, aktor William N. Robson, penulis radio dan TV Harold Rome, komposer dan pembuat lirik Norman Rosten, penulis Selena Royle, aktor Coby Ruskin, sutradara TV Robert William St. John, jurnalis, penyiar Hazel Scott, musisi jazz dan klasik Pete Seeger, penyanyi foklor Lisa Sergio, pembawa acara radio Artie Shaw, musisi jazz musisi Irwin Shaw, penulis, pengarang drama Robert Lewis Shayon, mantan presiden badan direktur radio dan TV Ann Shepherd, aktor William L. Shirer, jurnalis, penyiar Allan Sloane, penulis radio dan TV Howard K. Smith, jurnalis, penyiar Gale Sondergaard, aktor Hester Sondergaard, aktor Lionel Stander, aktor Johannes Steel, jurnalis, komentator radio Paul Stewart, aktor Elliott Sullivan, aktor William Sweets, pembawa acara radio Helen Tamiris, koreografer Betty Todd, sutradara Louis Untermeyer, penyair Hilda Vaughn, aktor J. Raymond Walsh, komentator radio Sam Wanamaker, aktor Theodore Ward, pengarang drama Fredi Washington, aktor Margaret Webster, aktor, sutradara dan produser Orson Welles, aktor, penulis dan sutradara Josh White, musisi blues Irene Wicker, penyanyi dan aktor Betty Winkler (Keane), aktor Martin Wolfson, aktor Lesley Woods, aktor Richard Yaffe, jurnalis, penyiar

Orang-orang lainnya yang mula-mula masuk daftar hitam setelah Juni 1950

• Eddie Albert, aktor
• Lew Amster, penulis latar
• Richard Attenborough, aktor, sutradara dan produser
• Norma Barzman, penulis latar
• Sol Barzman, penulis latar
• Orson Bean, aktor
• Albert Bein, penulis latar
• Harry Belafonte, aktor dan penyanyi
• Barbara Bel Geddes, aktris
• Ben Bengal, penulis latar
• Seymour Bennett, penulis latar
• Leonardo Bercovici, penulis latar
• Herschel Bernardi, aktor
• John Berry, aktor, penulis latar dan sutradara
• Henry Blankfort, penulis latar
• Laurie Blankfort, artis
• Roman Bohnen, aktor
• Allen Boretz, penulis latar and songwriter
• Phoebe Brand, aktris
• John Bright, penulis latar
• Phil Brown, aktor
• Harold Buchman, penulis latar
• Sidney Buchman, penulis latar
• Luis Buñuel, sutradara
• Val Burton, penulis latar
• Hugo Butler, penulis latar
• Alan Campbell, penulis latar
• Charles Chaplin, aktor, sutradara dan produser
• Maurice Clark, penulis latar
• Richard Collins, penulis latar
• Charles Collingwood, komentator radio
• Dorothy Comingore, aktris
• Jeff Corey, aktor
• George Corey, penulis latar
• Irwin Corey, aktor dan komedian
• Oliver Crawford, penulis latar
• John Cromwell, sutradara
• Charles Dagget, animator^[e]
• Danny Dare, koreografer^[f]
• Jules Dassin, sutradara
• Ossie Davis, aktor
• Ruby Dee, aktris
• Dolores del Río, aktris
• Karen DeWolf, penulis latar
• Howard Dimsdale, penulis
• Ludwig Donath, aktor
• Arnaud d'Usseau, penulis latar
• Phil Eastman, penulis kartun
• Leslie Edgley, penulis latar
• Edward Eliscu, penulis latar
• Faith Elliott, animator
• Cy Endfield, penulis latar dan sutradara
• Guy Endore, penulis latar
• Francis Edward Faragoh, penulis latar
• Frances Farmer, aktris
• Howard Fast, penulis
• John Henry Faulk, pembawa acara radio
• Jerry Fielding, komposer
• Carl Foreman, produser dan penulis latar
• Anne Froelick, penulis latar
• Lester Fuller, sutradara
• Bert Gilden, penulis latar
• Lee Gold, penulis latar
• Harold Goldman, penulis latar
• Michael Gordon, sutradara
• Jay Gorney, penulis latar
• Lee Grant, aktris
• Morton Grant, penulis latar
• Anne Green, penulis latar
• Jack T. Gross, produser
• Margaret Gruen, penulis latar
• David Hilberman, animator
• Tamara Hovey, penulis latar
• John Hubley, animator
• Edward Huebsch, penulis latar
• Ian McLellan Hunter, penulis latar
• Kim Hunter, aktris
• John Ireland, aktor
• Daniel James, penulis latar
• Paul Jarrico, produser and penulis latar
• Gordon Kahn, penulis latar
• Victor Kilian, aktor
• Sidney Kingsley, pengarang drama
• Alexander Knox, aktor
• Mickey Knox, aktor
• Lester Koenig, produser
• Charles Korvin, aktor
• Hy Kraft, penulis latar
• Constance Lee, penulis latar
• Will Lee, aktor dan komika
• Robert Lees, penulis latar
• Carl Lerner, penyunting dan sutradara
• Irving Lerner, sutradara
• Sam Levene, aktor
• Lewis Leverett, aktor
• Alfred Lewis Levitt, penulis latar
• Helen Slote Levitt, penulis latar
• Mitch Lindemann, penulis latar
• Norman Lloyd, aktor
• Ben Maddow, penulis latar
• Arnold Manoff, penulis latar
• John McGrew, animator
• Ruth McKenney, penulis
• Bill Meléndez, animator
• John "Skins" Miller, aktor
• Paula Miller, aktris
• Josef Mischel, penulis latar
• Karen Morley, aktris
• Henry Myers, penulis latar
• Mortimer Offner, penulis latar
• Alfred Palca, penulis dan produser
• Larry Parks, aktor
• Leo Penn, aktor
• Irving Pichel, sutradara
• Louis Pollock, penulis latar
• Abraham Polonsky, penulis latar and director
• William Pomerance, animation executive
• Vladimir Pozner, penulis latar
• Stanley Prager, sutradara
• John Randolph, aktor
• Maurice Rapf, penulis latar
• Rosaura Revueltas, aktris
• Robert L. Richards, penulis latar
• Frederic I. Rinaldo, penulis latar
• Martin Ritt, aktor dan sutradara
• W. L. River, penulis latar
• Marguerite Roberts, penulis latar
• David Robison, penulis latar
• Naomi Robison, aktris
• Louise Rousseau, penulis latar
• Jean Rouverol (Butler), aktris dan penulis
• Shimen Ruskin, actor
• Madeleine Ruthven, penulis latar
• Waldo Salt, penulis latar
• John Sanford, penulis latar
• Bill Scott, pengisi suara
• Martha Scott, aktris
• Robert Shayne, aktor
• Joshua Shelley, aktor
• Madeleine Sherwood, aktris
• Reuben Ship, penulis latar
• Viola Brothers Shore, penulis latar
• George Sklar, pengarang drama
• Art Smith, aktor
• Louis Solomon, penulis latar dan produser
• Ray Spencer, penulis latar
• Janet Stevenson, penulis
• Philip Stevenson, penulis
• Donald Ogden Stewart, penulis latar
• Arthur Strawn, penulis latar
• Bess Taffel, penulis latar
• Julius Tannenbaum, producer
• Frank Tarloff, penulis latar
• Shepard Traube, sutradara dan penulis latar
• Dorothy Tree, aktris
• Paul Trivers, penulis latar
• George Tyne, aktor
• Michael Uris, penulis
• Peter Viertel, penulis latar
• Bernard Vorhaus, sutradara
• John Weber, produser
• Richard Weil, penulis latar
• Hannah Weinstein, produser
• John Wexley, penulis latar
• Michael Wilson, penulis latar
• Nedrick Young, aktor dan penulis latar
• Julian Zimet, penulis latar

Referensi

Kutipan

1. Victor Navasky, Naming Names, New York: Viking, 2003
2. ref blacklist Kirk Douglas, "My Spartacus Broke All the Rules", the Telegraph
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6. Ceplair and Englund (2003), p. 403; Goldstein (1999).
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8. Everitt (2007), p. 53.
9. Navasky (1980), p. 88.
10. Ward and Butler (2008), pp. 178–79.
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12. Horne (2006), pp. 204–5, 224; Goudsouzian (2004), p. 88.
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14. Nelson and Hendricks (1990), p. 53.
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16. https://books.google.com/books?id=HvC3WaGZF3UC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=ceplair+george+pepper&source=bl&ots=Ep3qCwB9b2&sig=3cho2HcWTwjo2N68tJwluagSwkQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjii4nNkKLPAhUB5WMKHfCpBm4Q6AEIQDAH#v=onepage&q=ceplair%20george%20pepper&f=false
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18. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 28.
19. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 253.
20. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 159.
21. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 146.
22. Faulk (1963), p. 7.
23. McGill (2005), pp. 249–50; Ward (1998), p. 323; Cogley (1956), pp. 8–9.
24. Katz (1994), p. 106.
25. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 50.
26. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 123.
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30. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 31.
31. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 49.
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34. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 2.
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73. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 105.
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75. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 16.
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78. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 31.
79. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 13.
80. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 95.
81. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 37.
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84. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 15.
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86. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 18.
87. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 86.
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91. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 134.
92. Graulich and Tatum (2003), p. 115.
93. Zecker (2007), p. 106.
94. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 194.
95. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 106.
96. Herman (1997), p. 356.
97. Korvin (1997).
98. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 39.
99. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 24.
100. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 150.
101. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 53.
102. https://books.google.com/books?id=bXSdUTdA_dUC&pg=PA163
103. Schwartz (1999).
104. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 130.
105. Denning (1998), p. 374; Lumenick (2007b).
106. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 110.
107. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 20.
108. Cohen (2004), pp. 172–73178.
109. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 142.
110. Cohen (2004), pp. 178–79, 186.
111. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 8.
112. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 110.
113. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 78.
114. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 26.
115. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 157.
116. Navasky (1980), pp. 371–73.
117. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 45.
118. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 10.
119. Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Englund 2003 p. 388
120. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 11.
121. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 247.
122. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 163.
123. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 253.
124. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 1.
125. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 18.
126. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 88.
127. Lerner (2003), pp. 337–38.
128. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 142.
129. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 55.
130. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 208.
131. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 101.
132. Perebinossoff, Gross, and Gross (2005), p. 9; Kisseloff (1995), p. 416.
133. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 218.
134. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 63.
135. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 36.
136. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 91.
137. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 175.
138. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 47.
139. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 141.
140. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 90.
141. Navasky (1980), pp. 93–94.
142. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 9.
143. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 209.
144. Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 66.
145. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 111.
146. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. vii.
147. Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 248.

Daftar pustaka

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• Billingsley, Kenneth Lloyd (2000). Hollywood Party. Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing. ISBN 0-7615-1376-0.
• Bogart, Humphrey (1948). "I'm No Communist", Photoplay, March (available online).
• Bosworth, Patricia (1997). Anything Your Little Heart Desires: An American Family Story. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80809-9
• Boyer, Edward J. (1996). "Danny Dare, 91; Blacklisted Choreographer, Dancer", Los Angeles Times, November 30 (available online).
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• Burlingame, Jon (2000). Sound and Vision: 60 Years of Motion Picture Soundtracks. New York: Billboard/Watson-Guptill. ISBN 0-8230-8427-2
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Further reading

• Berg, Sandra (2006). "When Noir Turned Black" (interview with Jules Dassin), Written By (November) (available ).
• Bernstein, Walter (2000). Inside Out: A Memoir of the Blacklist. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80936-2
• Briley, Ronald (1994). "Reel History and the Cold War", OAH Magazine of History 8 (winter) (available ).
• Georgakas, Dan (1992). "Hollywood Blacklist", in Encyclopedia of the American Left, ed. Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Dan Georgakas. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press (available online). ISBN 0-252-06250-7
• Kahn, Gordon (1948). Hollywood on Trial: The Story of the 10 Who Were Indicted. New York: Boni & Gaer (excerpted online). ISBN 0-405-03921-2
• Leab, Daniel J., with guide by Robert E. Lester (1991). Communist Activity in the Entertainment Industry: FBI Surveillance Files on Hollywood, 1942–1958. Bethesda, Maryland: University Publications of America (available online). ISBN 1-55655-414-1
• Murray, Lawrence L. (1975). "Monsters, Spys, and Subversives: The Film Industry Responds to the Cold War, 1945–1955", Jump Cut 9 (available online).
• Nizer, Louis. (1966). The Jury Returns. New York: Doubleday & Co. ISBN 978-0-671-12505-9
• "Seven-Year Justice", Time, July 6, 1962 (available online 2009-05-04 di Wayback Machine.).
• Vaughn, Robert. (2004). Only Victims: A Study of Show Business Blacklisting, 2nd ed. New York: Proscenium/Limelight Editions. (Originally published New York: Putnam, 1972).ISBN 978-0-87910-081-0

Pranala luar

• Albert Maltz's HUAC Testimony transcript of the writer's testimony (preceded by excerpts of actor Ronald Reagan's testimony—see below for link to complete Reagan transcript)
• "Congressional Committees and Unfriendly Witnesses" detailed examination of legal issues involved in HUAC proceedings by historian Ellen Schrecker
• "McCarthy Era Blacklist Victims, Peace Groups, Academics, and Media File Amicus Briefs in CCR Case" news release focused on 2009 brief filed by former blacklistees including Irwin Corey in Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project Supreme Court free speech case
• transcript of the actor's testimony of October 23, 1947 ()
• "Seeing Red" 2006-08-03 di Wayback Machine. transcript of excerpts from PBS documentary The Legacy of the Hollywood Blacklist and interview by NewsHour correspondent Elizabeth Farnsworth with two blacklisted artists, writer/producer Paul Jarrico and actress Marsha Hunt
• FBI Documents on Communist Infiltration- Motion Picture Industry (COMPIC)
• Hollywood Blacklist 2016-01-27 di Wayback Machine., series of interviews and transcripts (many online) from Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles.