Buruh hukuman adalah sebuah istilah generik untuk berbagai jenis buruh paksa yang terdiri dari para tahanan yang biasanya diwajibkan untuk menjadi buruh manual. Pekerjaan tersebut dapat bersifat ringan atau berat, tergantung pada konteksnya.
Referensi Sunting
- Secretariat, United Nations. (1962). "Yearbook on Human Rights". Civil Rights: 102.
- Parliament, Great Britain. House of Commons (1855). "Parliamentary Papers". 25. H.M. Stationery Office, 1855: 52.
Bacaan tambahan Sunting
- Douglas A. Blackmon. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black People in America from the Civil War to World War II (2008)
- Matthew J. Mancini. One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866–1928 (1996)
- Alex Lichtenstein. Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South (1996)
- David M. Oshinsky. "Worse than Slavery": Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice (1996).
- Bloom, D. (2006). Employment Focused Programs for Ex-Prisoners: What Have We Learned, What Are We Learning, and Where Should We Go From Here? New York: National Poverty Center.
Pranala luar Sunting
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Penal labor.
- McGarry v. Pallito 2nd Cir 2012[pranala nonaktif]