Bola umpan terjadi saat sekawanan ikan kecil membentuk formasi bundar. Tindakan tersebut adalah sebuah tindakan pertahanan terakhir yang dilakukan oleh ikan berkelompok kecil saat mereka terancam oleh para predator. Ikan berkelompok kecil disantap oleh banyak jenis predator, dan untuk alasan itu, mereka disebut ikan umpan atau ikan mangsa.
Catatan sunting
Referensi sunting
- Burgess EA (2006) "Foraging ecology of common dolphins (Delphinus sp.) in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand" MSc thesis, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University.
- Dement J littoralsociety.org. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- Leighton TG, PR White and Finfer DC (2009) Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Underwater Acoustic Measurements, Technologies and Results.
- Fetecau R (2010) "Collective behavior of biological aggregations in two dimensions: a nonlocal kinetic model" Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences, August 2010.
- Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2004) Encyclopedia Of The Aquatic World Page 164, Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-7418-0.
- Mate BR (2010). . Proceedings from the 2010 AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-04-04.
- Robinson KP, Stevick PT and MacLeod CD (2007) An integrated approach to non-lethal research on minke whales in European waters 2011-10-02 di Wayback Machine. European Cetacean Society, Special publication series, No 47.
- Robinson KP and Tetley MJ (2007) "Behavioural observations of foraging minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the outer Moray Firth, north-east Scotland" J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K., 87: 85–86. DOI:10.1017/S0025315407054161
- Sfakiotakisa M and Tsakiris DP (2007) "Neuromuscular control of reactive behaviors for undulatory robots" Neurocomputing, 70(10–12): 1907–1913.
- Steiner L (1995) "Rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis: a new species record for the Azores, with some notes on behaviour" Life and Marine Sciences, 13A: 125–127.
- Waters, Hannah (2010) Now in 3-D: The shape of krill and fish schools Scientific American. Invited commentary, 10 November 2010.
Pranala luar sunting
- Queuing up for dinner: Dolphins enjoy sardine feeding frenzy Daily Mail, 15 July 2009. – this article has some spectacular images
- How Humpback Whales Catch Prey With Bubble Nets ScienceDaily. 24 June 2011.