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Bola umpan terjadi saat sekawanan ikan kecil membentuk formasi bundar Tindakan tersebut adalah sebuah tindakan pertahanan terakhir yang dilakukan oleh ikan berkelompok kecil saat mereka terancam oleh para predator Ikan berkelompok kecil disantap oleh banyak jenis predator dan untuk alasan itu mereka disebut ikan umpan atau ikan mangsa Sekelompok bluefin trevally mendatangi sekelompok anchovies yang membentuk bola impan jika mereka merasa terancamCatatan suntingReferensi suntingBurgess EA 2006 Foraging ecology of common dolphins Delphinus sp in the Hauraki Gulf New Zealand MSc thesis Institute of Natural Resources Massey University Dement J Species Spotlight Atlantic Sailfish Istiophorus albicans littoralsociety org Retrieved 28 March 2011 Leighton TG PR White and Finfer DC 2009 Hypotheses on the acoustics of whales dolphins and porpoises in bubbly water Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Underwater Acoustic Measurements Technologies and Results Fetecau R 2010 Collective behavior of biological aggregations in two dimensions a nonlocal kinetic model Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences August 2010 Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2004 Encyclopedia Of The Aquatic World Page 164 Marshall Cavendish ISBN 978 0 7614 7418 0 Mate BR 2010 Sperm whales instrumented with ARGOS GPS TDR tags demonstrate coordinated dive behavior suggesting cooperative bait ball feeding on Humbolt sic squids Proceedings from the 2010 AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012 04 04 Robinson KP Stevick PT and MacLeod CD 2007 An integrated approach to non lethal research on minke whales in European waters Diarsipkan 2011 10 02 di Wayback Machine European Cetacean Society Special publication series No 47 Robinson KP and Tetley MJ 2007 Behavioural observations of foraging minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata in the outer Moray Firth north east Scotland J Mar Biol Assoc U K 87 85 86 DOI 10 1017 S0025315407054161 Sfakiotakisa M and Tsakiris DP 2007 Neuromuscular control of reactive behaviors for undulatory robots Neurocomputing 70 10 12 1907 1913 Steiner L 1995 Rough toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis a new species record for the Azores with some notes on behaviour Life and Marine Sciences 13A 125 127 Waters Hannah 2010 Now in 3 D The shape of krill and fish schools Scientific American Invited commentary 10 November 2010 Pranala luar suntingQueuing up for dinner Dolphins enjoy sardine feeding frenzy Daily Mail 15 July 2009 this article has some spectacular images Computer simulations of bait balls How Humpback Whales Catch Prey With Bubble Nets ScienceDaily 24 June 2011 Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Bola umpan amp oldid 23886824