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Abwehr pelafalan ˈapveːɐ adalah dinas intelijen militer Jerman untuk Reichswehr dan Wehrmacht dari tahun 1920 sampai 194

Abwehr

Abwehr (pelafalan [ˈapveːɐ̯]) adalah dinas intelijen militer Jerman untuk Reichswehr dan Wehrmacht dari tahun 1920 sampai 1945. Meskipun Perjanjian Versailles melarang Jerman untuk membentuk organisasi intelijen, Jerman membentuk kelompok spionase pada tahun 1920 di bawah Kementerian Pertahanan, menamainya Abwehr. Tujuan awal Abwehr adalah sebagai pertahanan terhadap spionase asing—peran organisasi yang kemudian berkembang pesat. Di bawah kepemimpinan Jenderal Kurt von Schleicher, satuan intelijen militer dan individu digabungkan, dan pada tahun 1929, dipusatkan di bawah kendali Kementerian Pertahanan, yang membentuk landasan bagi manifestasi Abwehr.

Layanan radio rahasia OKW Amt Ausland/Abwehr

Setiap markas Abwehr di seluruh Jerman didasarkan pada distrik-distrik militer, dan perwakilan dibuka di negara-negara netral yang dapat menerima dan di wilayah-wilayah pendudukan ketika wilayah kekuasaan Reich mulai berkembang. Kementerian Pertahanan berganti nama menjadi Kementerian Perang pada tahun 1935, diikuti oleh berkuasanya Adolf Hitler, yang membentuk angkatan bersenjata OKW. OKW menjadi bagian dari "staf pekerja" pribadi Führer sejak bulan Juni 1938 dan Abwehr menjadi agen intelijennya di bawah kendali Wakil Laksamana Wilhelm Canaris. Kantor pusatnya terletak di 76/78 Tirpitzufer, Berlin, berdekatan dengan kantor OKW.

Kepala sunting

№ Kepala Abwehr Mulai jabatan Akhir jabatan Lama menjabat Dinas/cabang militer
1
Gempp, FriedrichKolonel
Friedrich Gempp
(1873–1947)		1 Januari 1921Juni 19276 tahun, 5 bulan Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
2
Schwantes, GüntherMeior
Günther Schwantes
(1881–1942)		Juni 1927Februari 19291 tahun, 8 bulan Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
3
Bredow, FerdinandLetnan Kolonel
Ferdinand von Bredow
(1884–1934)		Februari 19292 Juni 19323 tahun, 4 bulan Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
4
Patzig, ConradLaksamana Muda
Conrad Patzig
(1888–1975)		6 Juni 19321 Januari 19352 tahun, 209 hari Kriegsmarine
5
Canaris, WilhelmLaksamana
Wilhelm Canaris
(1887–1945)		1 Januari 193512 Februari 19449 tahun, 42 hari Kriegsmarine
6
Hansen, GeorgKolonel
Georg Hansen
(1904–1944)		13 Februari 19441 Juni 1944109 hari Angkatan Darat Jerman
7
Schellenberg, WalterSS-Brigadeführer
Walter Schellenberg
(1910–1952)		1 Juni 19444 Mei 1945337 hari Schutzstaffel
8
Skorzeny, OttoSS-Obersturmbannführer
Otto Skorzeny
(1908–1975)		5 Mei 19458 Mei 19453 hari Schutzstaffel

Lihat juga sunting

Referensi sunting

  1. Holmes 2009, hlm. 2.
  2. Zentner & Bedürftig 1991, hlm. 2.
  3. Dear & Foot 1995, hlm. 1.
  4. Taylor & Shaw 1997, hlm. 11.
  5. Taylor 1995, hlm. 165.

Bibliografi sunting

  • Andrew, Christopher (2018). The Secret World: A History of Intelligence. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30023-844-0. 
  • Archer, Christon; Ferris, John R.; Herwig, Holger H.; Travers, Timothy H.E. (2002). World History of Warfare. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-80321-941-0. 
  • Barnett, Correlli, ed. Hitler’s Generals. New York: Grove Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8021-3994-8
  • Bassett, Richard (2011). Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Betrayal. New York: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-450-6. 
  • Bauer, Yehuda (1996). Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30006-852-8. 
  • Blandford, Edmund L. (2001). SS Intelligence: The Nazi Secret Service. Edison, NJ: Castle Books. ISBN 978-0-78581-398-9. 
  • Brissaud, André. Canaris; the Biography of Admiral Canaris, Chief of German Military Intelligence in the Second World War. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1974. ISBN 978-0-44811-621-1
  • Brown, Anthony C. (1975). Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 978-1-58574-692-7. 
  • Budiansky, Stephen. Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. New York: The Free Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-67088-492-6
  • Burleigh, Michael (2010). Moral Combat: Good and Evil in World War II. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-67001-832-1. 
  • Cooper, Matthew (1984). The German Army, 1933–1945. New York: Bonanza Books. ISBN 978-0-51743-610-3. 
  • Cruickshank, Charles Greig, and David Barlow. Deception in World War II. Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 978-0-19215-849-9
  • Cubbage, T. L. "The German misapprehensions regarding overlord: Understanding failure in the estimative process." Intelligence and National Security (1987) 2#3 pp: 114-174.
  • Davies, Norman (2008). No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-67001-832-1. 
  • Dear, Ian; Foot, M.R.D., ed. (1995). The Oxford Guide to World War II. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534096-9. 
  • Dulles, Allen (2000) [1947]. Germany's Underground: The Anti-Nazi Resistance. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30680-928-6. 
  • Farago, Ladislas. The Game of the Foxes: The Untold Story of German Espionage in the United States and Great Britain During WWII, David McKay Co. Inc., 1971. ISBN 978-0-553-12342-5.
  • Fischer, Klaus (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History. New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-82640-797-9. 
  • Gerwarth, Robert (2012). Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30018-772-4. 
  • Goerlitz, Walter (1985) [1953]. History of the German General Staff, 1657–1945. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-1-56619-914-8. 
  • Hastings, Max (2016). The Secret War: Spies, Ciphers, and Guerrillas, 1939–1945. New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06225-927-1. 
  • Herfeldt, Olav. Schwarze Kapelle. Spionage und Widerstand. Die Geschichte der Widerstansgruppe um Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. Augsburg: Weltbild, 1990. ISBN 978-3-89350-077-2
  • Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02528-8. 
  • Höhne, Heinz (1979). Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-08777-3. 
  • Holmes, Richard (2009). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19866-209-9. 
  • Holt, Thaddeus (2004). The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War. New York: Scribner's. ASIN B00RWSILQS. 
  • Howard, Michael (1990). British Intelligence in the Second World War: Strategic Deception. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52140-145-6. 
  • Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (1968). "The Kommissarbefehl and Mass Executions of Soviet Russian Prisoners of War". Dalam Krausnick, Helmut; Buchheim, Hans; Broszat, Martin; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf. Anatomy of the SS State. New York: Walker and Company. ISBN 978-0-00211-026-6. 
  • Kahn, David (1978). Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02560-610-4. 
  • Kitson, Simon. The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-22643-893-1
  • LeMei, Benoit (2013). Erich von Manstein: Hitler's Master Strategist. Philadelpha; Oxford: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-059-6. 
  • Lerner, K. Lee, and Brenda W. Lerner. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security, vol. 1, A-E. New York: Thomson Gale, 2004. ISBN 0-7876-7686-1
  • Leverkuehn, Paul (1954). German Military Intelligence. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Inc. ASIN B0000CIU8I. 
  • Liddell-Hart, B.H. The German Generals Talk. New York: Quill, 1979, [1948]. ISBN 0-688-06012-9
  • Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199592326. 
  • McDonough, Frank (2005). Opposition and Resistance in Nazi Germany. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52100-358-2. 
  • Molinari, Andrea (2013). Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces, 1940–43. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-47280-215-6. 
  • O.N.I. Review [Office of Naval Intelligence]. “German Espionage and Sabotage against the United States.” 1, no.3 (Jan. 1946): 33-38. [Declassified]. Full text online and retrievable from: (Accessed December 20, 2014).
  • Paine, Lauran (1984). German Military Intelligence in World War II: The Abwehr. Stein & Day. ISBN 978-0-7091-9628-0. 
  • Peterson, Neal H. (2002) [1992]. "From Hitler's Doorstep: Allen Dulles and the Penetration of Germany". Dalam George C. Chalou. The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Administration. ISBN 978-0-911333-91-6. 
  • Reitlinger, Gerald (1989). The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30680-351-2. 
  • Rich, Norman (1973). Hitler's War Aims Ideology: The Nazi State and the Course of Expansion. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-23396-476-8. 
  • Richelson, Jeffrey T. (1995). Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19507-391-1. 
  • Roseman, Mark (2000). A Past in Hiding: Memory and Survival in Nazi Germany. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-80506-326-4. 
  • Schellenberg, Walter (2000) [1956]. The Labrynth: Memoirs Of Walter Schellenberg, Hitler's Chief Of Counterintelligence. Diterjemahkan oleh Louis Hagen. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306809279. 
  • Schoonover, Thomas. Hitler's Man in Havana: Heinz Luning and Nazi Espionage in Latin America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008. ISBN 978-0-81312-501-5
  • Seaton, Albert (1982). The German Army, 1933–1945. New York: Meridian. ISBN 978-0-452-00739-0. 
  • Shirer, William (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: MJF Books. ISBN 978-1-56731-163-1. 
  • Stewart, Jules (2014). The Kaiser's Mission to Kabul: A Secret Expedition to Afghanistan in World War I. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-875-5. 
  • Taylor, James; Shaw, Warren (1997). The Penguin Dictionary of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin Reference. ISBN 978-0-14051-389-9. 
  • Taylor, Telford (1995) [1952]. Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-1-56619-746-5. 
  • Thomas, David (1987). "Foreign Armies East and German Military Intelligence in Russia 1941-45". Journal of Contemporary History. 22 (2): 261–301. doi:10.1177/002200948702200204. JSTOR 260933. 
  • Tooze, Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-67003-826-8. 
  • Trevor-Roper (1992). The Last Days of Hitler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3. 
  • United States War Dept. General Staff (1984). German Military Intelligence, 1939-1945. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America. ISBN 978-0-89093-543-9. 
  • Waller, John H. "The double life of Admiral Canaris." International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence (1996) 9#3 pp: 271-289.
  • Waller, John H. The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War. New York: Random House, 1996. ISBN 978-0-67944-826-6
  • Walton, Calder (2013). Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War, and the Twilight of Empire. New York: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-46830-946-1. 
  • Weinberg, Gerhard (1994). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44317-3. 
  • Weinberg, Gerhard (1996). Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47407-8. 
  • Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-92963-191-9. 
  • Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1980) [1954]. Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-06864-9. 
  • Winks, Robin W. (1996). Cloak & Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939–1961. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30006-524-4. 
  • Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. (2 vols.) New York: MacMillan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-02-897500-9. 

Pranala luar sunting

  • at ibiblio.org. Includes details on structure of Abwehr.
  • Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke & András Zboray, Operation SALAM – László Almásy's most daring Mission in the Desert War, Belleville, München, 2013
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Tanggal penerbitan:
Abwehr pelafalan ˈapveːɐ adalah dinas intelijen militer Jerman untuk Reichswehr dan Wehrmacht dari tahun 1920 sampai 1945 1 Meskipun Perjanjian Versailles melarang Jerman untuk membentuk organisasi intelijen Jerman membentuk kelompok spionase pada tahun 1920 di bawah Kementerian Pertahanan menamainya Abwehr 2 Tujuan awal Abwehr adalah sebagai pertahanan terhadap spionase asing peran organisasi yang kemudian berkembang pesat 3 Di bawah kepemimpinan Jenderal Kurt von Schleicher satuan intelijen militer dan individu digabungkan dan pada tahun 1929 dipusatkan di bawah kendali Kementerian Pertahanan yang membentuk landasan bagi manifestasi Abwehr Layanan radio rahasia OKW Amt Ausland AbwehrSetiap markas Abwehr di seluruh Jerman didasarkan pada distrik distrik militer dan perwakilan dibuka di negara negara netral yang dapat menerima dan di wilayah wilayah pendudukan ketika wilayah kekuasaan Reich mulai berkembang 4 Kementerian Pertahanan berganti nama menjadi Kementerian Perang pada tahun 1935 diikuti oleh berkuasanya Adolf Hitler yang membentuk angkatan bersenjata OKW OKW menjadi bagian dari staf pekerja pribadi Fuhrer sejak bulan Juni 1938 dan Abwehr menjadi agen intelijennya di bawah kendali Wakil Laksamana Wilhelm Canaris 5 Kantor pusatnya terletak di 76 78 Tirpitzufer Berlin berdekatan dengan kantor OKW Daftar isi 1 Kepala 2 Lihat juga 3 Referensi 4 Bibliografi 5 Pranala luarKepala sunting Kepala Abwehr Mulai jabatan Akhir jabatan Lama menjabat Dinas cabang militer1 nbsp Gempp Friedrich KolonelFriedrich Gempp 1873 1947 1 Januari 1921Juni 19276 tahun 5 bulan nbsp Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar2 nbsp Schwantes Gunther MeiorGunther Schwantes 1881 1942 Juni 1927Februari 19291 tahun 8 bulan nbsp Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar3 nbsp Bredow Ferdinand Letnan KolonelFerdinand von Bredow 1884 1934 Februari 19292 Juni 19323 tahun 4 bulan nbsp Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar4 nbsp Patzig Conrad Laksamana MudaConrad Patzig 1888 1975 6 Juni 19321 Januari 19357002939000000000000 2 tahun 209 hari nbsp Kriegsmarine5 nbsp Canaris Wilhelm LaksamanaWilhelm Canaris 1887 1945 1 Januari 193512 Februari 19447003332900000000000 9 tahun 42 hari nbsp Kriegsmarine6 nbsp Hansen Georg KolonelGeorg Hansen 1904 1944 13 Februari 19441 Juni 19447002109000000000000 109 hari nbsp Angkatan Darat Jerman7 nbsp Schellenberg Walter SS BrigadefuhrerWalter Schellenberg 1910 1952 1 Juni 19444 Mei 19457002337000000000000 337 hari nbsp Schutzstaffel8 nbsp Skorzeny Otto SS ObersturmbannfuhrerOtto Skorzeny 1908 1975 5 Mei 19458 Mei 19457000300000000000000 3 hari nbsp SchutzstaffelLihat juga suntingPlot 20 Juli Dietrich Bonhoeffer Perlawanan Jerman terhadap Nazisme Operasi Salaam Oskar Schindler agen AbwehrReferensi sunting Holmes 2009 hlm 2 Zentner amp Bedurftig 1991 hlm 2 Dear amp Foot 1995 hlm 1 Taylor amp Shaw 1997 hlm 11 Taylor 1995 hlm 165 Bibliografi suntingAndrew Christopher 2018 The Secret World A History of Intelligence New Haven and London Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 30023 844 0 Archer Christon Ferris John R Herwig Holger H Travers Timothy H E 2002 World History of Warfare Lincoln University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978 0 80321 941 0 Barnett Correlli ed Hitler s Generals New York Grove Press 2003 ISBN 978 0 8021 3994 8 Bassett Richard 2011 Hitler s Spy Chief The Wilhelm Canaris Betrayal New York Pegasus Books ISBN 978 1 60598 450 6 Bauer Yehuda 1996 Jews for Sale Nazi Jewish Negotiations 1933 1945 New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 30006 852 8 Blandford Edmund L 2001 SS Intelligence The Nazi Secret Service Edison NJ Castle Books ISBN 978 0 78581 398 9 Brissaud Andre Canaris the Biography of Admiral Canaris Chief of German Military Intelligence in the Second World War New York Grosset amp Dunlap 1974 ISBN 978 0 44811 621 1 Brown Anthony C 1975 Bodyguard of Lies The Extraordinary True Story Behind D Day New York Harper and Row ISBN 978 1 58574 692 7 Budiansky Stephen Battle of Wits The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II New York The Free Press 2000 ISBN 978 0 67088 492 6 Burleigh Michael 2010 Moral Combat Good and Evil in World War II New York Harper Collins ISBN 978 0 67001 832 1 Cooper Matthew 1984 The German Army 1933 1945 New York Bonanza Books ISBN 978 0 51743 610 3 Cruickshank Charles Greig and David Barlow Deception in World War II Oxford University Press 1979 ISBN 978 0 19215 849 9 Cubbage T L The German misapprehensions regarding overlord Understanding failure in the estimative process Intelligence and National Security 1987 2 3 pp 114 174 Davies Norman 2008 No Simple Victory World War II in Europe 1939 1945 New York Viking ISBN 978 0 67001 832 1 Dear Ian Foot M R D ed 1995 The Oxford Guide to World War II Oxford New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 534096 9 Dulles Allen 2000 1947 Germany s Underground The Anti Nazi Resistance New York Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 30680 928 6 Farago Ladislas The Game of the Foxes The Untold Story of German Espionage in the United States and Great Britain During WWII David McKay Co Inc 1971 ISBN 978 0 553 12342 5 Fischer Klaus 1995 Nazi Germany A New History New York Continuum ISBN 978 0 82640 797 9 Gerwarth Robert 2012 Hitler s Hangman The Life of Heydrich New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 30018 772 4 Goerlitz Walter 1985 1953 History of the German General Staff 1657 1945 New York Barnes amp Noble ISBN 978 1 56619 914 8 Hastings Max 2016 The Secret War Spies Ciphers and Guerrillas 1939 1945 New York Harper ISBN 978 0 06225 927 1 Herfeldt Olav Schwarze Kapelle Spionage und Widerstand Die Geschichte der Widerstansgruppe um Admiral Wilhelm Canaris Augsburg Weltbild 1990 ISBN 978 3 89350 077 2 Hildebrand Klaus 1973 The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 02528 8 Hohne Heinz 1979 Canaris Hitler s Master Spy New York Doubleday ISBN 978 0 385 08777 3 Holmes Richard 2009 The Oxford Companion to Military History Oxford New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19866 209 9 Holt Thaddeus 2004 The Deceivers Allied Military Deception in the Second World War New York Scribner s ASIN B00RWSILQS Howard Michael 1990 British Intelligence in the Second World War Strategic Deception 5 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 52140 145 6 Jacobsen Hans Adolf 1968 The Kommissarbefehl and Mass Executions of Soviet Russian Prisoners of War Dalam Krausnick Helmut Buchheim Hans Broszat Martin Jacobsen Hans Adolf Anatomy of the SS State New York Walker and Company ISBN 978 0 00211 026 6 Kahn David 1978 Hitler s Spies German Military Intelligence in World War II New York Macmillan ISBN 978 0 02560 610 4 Kitson Simon The Hunt for Nazi Spies Fighting Espionage in Vichy France Chicago University of Chicago Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 22643 893 1 LeMei Benoit 2013 Erich von Manstein Hitler s Master Strategist Philadelpha Oxford Casemate ISBN 978 1 61200 059 6 Lerner K Lee and Brenda W Lerner Encyclopedia of Espionage Intelligence and Security vol 1 A E New York Thomson Gale 2004 ISBN 0 7876 7686 1 Leverkuehn Paul 1954 German Military Intelligence New York Frederick A Praeger Inc ASIN B0000CIU8I Liddell Hart B H The German Generals Talk New York Quill 1979 1948 ISBN 0 688 06012 9 Longerich Peter 2012 Heinrich Himmler Oxford and New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199592326 McDonough Frank 2005 Opposition and Resistance in Nazi Germany Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 52100 358 2 Molinari Andrea 2013 Desert Raiders Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940 43 London Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1 47280 215 6 O N I Review Office of Naval Intelligence German Espionage and Sabotage against the United States 1 no 3 Jan 1946 33 38 Declassified Full text online and retrievable from https web archive org web 20011205033841 http www history navy mil faqs faq114 1 htm Accessed December 20 2014 Paine Lauran 1984 German Military Intelligence in World War II The Abwehr Stein amp Day ISBN 978 0 7091 9628 0 Peterson Neal H 2002 1992 From Hitler s Doorstep Allen Dulles and the Penetration of Germany Dalam George C Chalou The Secrets War The Office of Strategic Services in World War II Washington DC National Archives and Records Administration ISBN 978 0 911333 91 6 Reitlinger Gerald 1989 The SS Alibi of a Nation 1922 1945 New York Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 30680 351 2 Rich Norman 1973 Hitler s War Aims Ideology The Nazi State and the Course of Expansion New York W W Norton ISBN 978 0 23396 476 8 Richelson Jeffrey T 1995 Century of Spies Intelligence in the Twentieth Century New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19507 391 1 Roseman Mark 2000 A Past in Hiding Memory and Survival in Nazi Germany New York Metropolitan Books ISBN 978 0 80506 326 4 Schellenberg Walter 2000 1956 The Labrynth Memoirs Of Walter Schellenberg Hitler s Chief Of Counterintelligence Diterjemahkan oleh Louis Hagen New York Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0306809279 Schoonover Thomas Hitler s Man in Havana Heinz Luning and Nazi Espionage in Latin America Lexington University Press of Kentucky 2008 ISBN 978 0 81312 501 5 Seaton Albert 1982 The German Army 1933 1945 New York Meridian ISBN 978 0 452 00739 0 Shirer William 1990 The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich New York MJF Books ISBN 978 1 56731 163 1 Stewart Jules 2014 The Kaiser s Mission to Kabul A Secret Expedition to Afghanistan in World War I I B Tauris ISBN 978 1 78076 875 5 Taylor James Shaw Warren 1997 The Penguin Dictionary of the Third Reich New York Penguin Reference ISBN 978 0 14051 389 9 Taylor Telford 1995 1952 Sword and Swastika Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich New York Barnes amp Noble ISBN 978 1 56619 746 5 Thomas David 1987 Foreign Armies East and German Military Intelligence in Russia 1941 45 Journal of Contemporary History 22 2 261 301 doi 10 1177 002200948702200204 JSTOR 260933 Tooze Adam 2006 The Wages of Destruction The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy New York Viking ISBN 978 0 67003 826 8 Trevor Roper 1992 The Last Days of Hitler Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 81224 3 United States War Dept General Staff 1984 German Military Intelligence 1939 1945 Frederick MD University Publications of America ISBN 978 0 89093 543 9 Waller John H The double life of Admiral Canaris International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence 1996 9 3 pp 271 289 Waller John H The Unseen War in Europe Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War New York Random House 1996 ISBN 978 0 67944 826 6 Walton Calder 2013 Empire of Secrets British Intelligence the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire New York Overlook Press ISBN 978 1 46830 946 1 Weinberg Gerhard 1994 A World at Arms A Global History of World War II Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 44317 3 Weinberg Gerhard 1996 Germany Hitler and World War II Essays in Modern German and World History Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 47407 8 Weinberg Gerhard 2005 Hitler s Foreign Policy 1933 1939 The Road to World War II New York Enigma Books ISBN 978 1 92963 191 9 Wheeler Bennett John W 1980 1954 Nemesis of Power The German Army in Politics 1918 1945 Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 333 06864 9 Winks Robin W 1996 Cloak amp Gown Scholars in the Secret War 1939 1961 New Haven and London Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 30006 524 4 Zentner Christian Bedurftig Friedemann 1991 The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 2 vols New York MacMillan Publishing ISBN 978 0 02 897500 9 Pranala luar suntingGerman Espionage and Sabotage Against the USA in WW2 at ibiblio org Includes details on structure of Abwehr Gross Kuno Michael Rolke amp Andras Zboray Operation SALAM Laszlo Almasy s most daring Mission in the Desert War Belleville Munchen 2013 Diperoleh dari https id wikipedia org w index php title Abwehr amp oldid 24499726