Émile Justin Louis Combes (bahasa Prancis: [emil kɔ̃b]; 6 September 1835 – 25 Mei 1921) adalah seorang negarawan Prancis juga Freemasonry yang memimpin kabinet Bloc des gauches dari Juni 1902 hingga Januari 1905.
Émile Combes | |
|---|---|
| Perdana Menteri Prancis | |
| Masa jabatan 7 Juni 1902 – 24 Januari 1905 | |
Pendahulu Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau Pengganti Maurice Rouvier | |
| Informasi pribadi | |
| Lahir | 6 September 1835 Roquecourbe |
| Meninggal | 25 Mei 1921 (umur 85) Pons, Charente-Maritime |
| Partai politik | Radical Party |
Referensi sunting
- Ce que la France doit aux francs-maçons (Laurent KUPFERMAN and Emmanuel PIERRAT - Grund ed. - 2012)
- Dictionnaire universel de la Franc-Maçonnerie (Monique Cara, Jean-Marc Cara and Marc de Jode - Larousse ed. - 2011)
- Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie française (Pierre Chevallier, Fayard ed., 1975)
Sumber sunting
- Akan, Murat. The Politics of Secularism: Religion, Diversity, and Institutional Change in France and Turkey (2017).
- Arnal, Oscar L. "Why the French Christian Democrats Were Condemned." Church History 49.2 (1980): 188–202. online
- Coffey, Joan L. "Of Catechisms and Sermons: Church-State Relations in France, 1890–1905." Church history 66.1 (1997): 54–66. online
- McManners, John. Church and State in France, 1870–1914 (Harper & Row, 1972), pp. 125–55.
- Mayeur, Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux. The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (1984), pp. 227–44
- Merle, Gabriel. Emile Combes (1995), p. 1, 662 p.; standard biography, in French
- Partin, Malcolm. Waldeck-Rousseau, Combes, and the Church: the Politics of Anticlericalism, 1899–1905 (1969)
- Sabatier, Paul. Disestablishment in France (1906) online
Pranala luar sunting
- Cartoons 2008-05-17 di Wayback Machine.
| Jabatan politik | ||
|---|---|---|
| Didahului oleh: Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau | Perdana Menteri Prancis 1902–1905 | Diteruskan oleh: Maurice Rouvier |